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---
name: laravel:migrations-and-factories
description: Safe database change patterns; when to modify vs add migrations; always pair models with migrations and factories; seeding guidance
---
# Migrations and Factories
Keep schema changes safe, testable, and reversible.
## Commands
```
# Create model with migration + factory
sail artisan make:model Post -mfc # or: php artisan make:model Post -mfc
# Run/rollback
sail artisan migrate # or: php artisan migrate
sail artisan migrate:rollback --step=1 # or: php artisan migrate:rollback --step=1
# Fresh DB (dangerous; dev only)
sail artisan migrate:fresh --seed # or: php artisan migrate:fresh --seed
```
## Rules
- Pair each new model with a migration and a factory
- If a migration was merged to `main`, never edit it—add a new one
- On feature branches, you may amend migrations created on that branch (if not merged)
- Seed realistic but minimal datasets in seeder classes; keep huge datasets external
## Factories
- Prefer state modifiers (e.g., `->state([...])`) over boolean flags
- Use relationships (e.g., `belongsTo`) in factories to build realistic graphs
- Keep factories fast; move expensive setup to seeds where possible
## Testing
- Use factories in tests; avoid manual inserts
- For integration tests touching DB, use transactions or `RefreshDatabase`
