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Security Review
ASecurity当添加认证、处理用户输入、使用 secrets、创建 API 端点或实施支付/敏感功能时使用此技能。提供全面的安全检查清单和模式。
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[](https://www.skillsdirectory.com/skills/neversight-security-review)---
name: security-review
description: 当添加认证、处理用户输入、使用 secrets、创建 API 端点或实施支付/敏感功能时使用此技能。提供全面的安全检查清单和模式。
---
# 安全审查技能 (Security Review Skill)
此技能确保所有代码遵循安全最佳实践并识别潜在漏洞。
## 何时激活
- 实施认证或授权
- 处理用户输入或文件上传
- 创建新的 API 端点
- 使用 secrets 或凭证
- 实施支付功能
- 存储或传输敏感数据
- 集成第三方 API
## 安全检查清单
### 1. Secrets 管理
#### ❌ 永远不要这样做
```typescript
const apiKey = "sk-proj-xxxxx" // Hardcoded secret
const dbPassword = "password123" // In source code
```
#### ✅ 总是这样做
```typescript
const apiKey = process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY
const dbUrl = process.env.DATABASE_URL
// Verify secrets exist
if (!apiKey) {
throw new Error('OPENAI_API_KEY not configured')
}
```
#### 验证步骤
- [ ] 没有硬编码的 API keys、令牌或密码
- [ ] 所有 secrets 在环境变量中
- [ ] `.env.local` 在 .gitignore 中
- [ ] git 历史中没有 secrets
- [ ] 生产 secrets 在托管平台 (Vercel, Railway) 中
### 2. 输入验证
#### 总是验证用户输入
```typescript
import { z } from 'zod'
// Define validation schema
const CreateUserSchema = z.object({
email: z.string().email(),
name: z.string().min(1).max(100),
age: z.number().int().min(0).max(150)
})
// Validate before processing
export async function createUser(input: unknown) {
try {
const validated = CreateUserSchema.parse(input)
return await db.users.create(validated)
} catch (error) {
if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
return { success: false, errors: error.errors }
}
throw error
}
}
```
#### 文件上传验证
```typescript
function validateFileUpload(file: File) {
// Size check (5MB max)
const maxSize = 5 * 1024 * 1024
if (file.size > maxSize) {
throw new Error('File too large (max 5MB)')
}
// Type check
const allowedTypes = ['image/jpeg', 'image/png', 'image/gif']
if (!allowedTypes.includes(file.type)) {
throw new Error('Invalid file type')
}
// Extension check
const allowedExtensions = ['.jpg', '.jpeg', '.png', '.gif']
const extension = file.name.toLowerCase().match(/\.[^.]+$/)?.[0]
if (!extension || !allowedExtensions.includes(extension)) {
throw new Error('Invalid file extension')
}
return true
}
```
#### 验证步骤
- [ ] 所有用户输入都使用 schemas 验证
- [ ] 文件上传受限 (大小, 类型, 扩展名)
- [ ] 在查询中没有直接使用用户输入
- [ ] 白名单验证 (而非黑名单)
- [ ] 错误消息不泄露敏感信息
### 3. SQL 注入预防
#### ❌ 永远不要拼接 SQL
```typescript
// DANGEROUS - SQL Injection vulnerability
const query = `SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = '${userEmail}'`
await db.query(query)
```
#### ✅ 总是使用参数化查询
```typescript
// Safe - parameterized query
const { data } = await supabase
.from('users')
.select('*')
.eq('email', userEmail)
// Or with raw SQL
await db.query(
'SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = $1',
[userEmail]
)
```
#### 验证步骤
- [ ] 所有数据库查询使用参数化查询
- [ ] SQL 中没有字符串拼接
- [ ] 正确使用 ORM/查询构建器
- [ ] Supabase 查询已确当清理
### 4. 认证 & 授权 (Authentication & Authorization)
#### JWT 令牌处理
```typescript
// ❌ WRONG: localStorage (vulnerable to XSS)
localStorage.setItem('token', token)
// ✅ CORRECT: httpOnly cookies
res.setHeader('Set-Cookie',
`token=${token}; HttpOnly; Secure; SameSite=Strict; Max-Age=3600`)
```
#### 授权检查
```typescript
export async function deleteUser(userId: string, requesterId: string) {
// ALWAYS verify authorization first
const requester = await db.users.findUnique({
where: { id: requesterId }
})
if (requester.role !== 'admin') {
return NextResponse.json(
{ error: 'Unauthorized' },
{ status: 403 }
)
}
// Proceed with deletion
await db.users.delete({ where: { id: userId } })
}
```
#### 行级安全 (Supabase RLS)
```sql
-- Enable RLS on all tables
ALTER TABLE users ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;
-- Users can only view their own data
CREATE POLICY "Users view own data"
ON users FOR SELECT
USING (auth.uid() = id);
-- Users can only update their own data
CREATE POLICY "Users update own data"
ON users FOR UPDATE
USING (auth.uid() = id);
```
#### 验证步骤
- [ ] 令牌存储在 httpOnly cookies (而非 localStorage)
- [ ] 敏感操作前进行授权检查
- [ ] Supabase 中启用了行级安全
- [ ] 实施了基于角色的访问控制
- [ ] 会话管理安全
### 5. XSS 预防
#### 清理 HTML
```typescript
import DOMPurify from 'isomorphic-dompurify'
// ALWAYS sanitize user-provided HTML
function renderUserContent(html: string) {
const clean = DOMPurify.sanitize(html, {
ALLOWED_TAGS: ['b', 'i', 'em', 'strong', 'p'],
ALLOWED_ATTR: []
})
return <div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: clean }} />
}
```
#### 内容安全策略 (CSP)
```typescript
// next.config.js
const securityHeaders = [
{
key: 'Content-Security-Policy',
value: `
default-src 'self';
script-src 'self' 'unsafe-eval' 'unsafe-inline';
style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline';
img-src 'self' data: https:;
font-src 'self';
connect-src 'self' https://api.example.com;
`.replace(/\s{2,}/g, ' ').trim()
}
]
```
#### 验证步骤
- [ ] 用户提供的 HTML 已清理
- [ ] 配置了 CSP 标头
- [ ] 没有未验证的动态内容渲染
- [ ] 使用了 React 内置的 XSS 保护
### 6. CSRF 保护
#### CSRF 令牌
```typescript
import { csrf } from '@/lib/csrf'
export async function POST(request: Request) {
const token = request.headers.get('X-CSRF-Token')
if (!csrf.verify(token)) {
return NextResponse.json(
{ error: 'Invalid CSRF token' },
{ status: 403 }
)
}
// Process request
}
```
#### SameSite Cookie
```typescript
res.setHeader('Set-Cookie',
`session=${sessionId}; HttpOnly; Secure; SameSite=Strict`)
```
#### 验证步骤
- [ ] 状态更改操作上的 CSRF 令牌
- [ ] 所有 cookie 上的 SameSite=Strict
- [ ] 实施了双重提交 cookie 模式
### 7. 速率限制 (Rate Limiting)
#### API 速率限制
```typescript
import rateLimit from 'express-rate-limit'
const limiter = rateLimit({
windowMs: 15 * 60 * 1000, // 15 minutes
max: 100, // 100 requests per window
message: 'Too many requests'
})
// Apply to routes
app.use('/api/', limiter)
```
#### 昂贵操作
```typescript
// Aggressive rate limiting for searches
const searchLimiter = rateLimit({
windowMs: 60 * 1000, // 1 minute
max: 10, // 10 requests per minute
message: 'Too many search requests'
})
app.use('/api/search', searchLimiter)
```
#### 验证步骤
- [ ] 所有 API 端点上的速率限制
- [ ] 对昂贵操作的更严格限制
- [ ] 基于 IP 的速率限制
- [ ] 基于用户的速率限制 (已认证)
### 8. 敏感数据暴露
#### 日志记录
```typescript
// ❌ WRONG: Logging sensitive data
console.log('User login:', { email, password })
console.log('Payment:', { cardNumber, cvv })
// ✅ CORRECT: Redact sensitive data
console.log('User login:', { email, userId })
console.log('Payment:', { last4: card.last4, userId })
```
#### 错误消息
```typescript
// ❌ WRONG: Exposing internal details
catch (error) {
return NextResponse.json(
{ error: error.message, stack: error.stack },
{ status: 500 }
)
}
// ✅ CORRECT: Generic error messages
catch (error) {
console.error('Internal error:', error)
return NextResponse.json(
{ error: 'An error occurred. Please try again.' },
{ status: 500 }
)
}
```
#### 验证步骤
- [ ] 日志中没有密码、令牌或 secrets
- [ ] 对用户显示通用错误消息
- [ ] 详细错误仅在服务器日志中
- [ ] 不向用户暴露堆栈跟踪
### 9. 区块链安全 (Solana)
#### 钱包验证
```typescript
import { verify } from '@solana/web3.js'
async function verifyWalletOwnership(
publicKey: string,
signature: string,
message: string
) {
try {
const isValid = verify(
Buffer.from(message),
Buffer.from(signature, 'base64'),
Buffer.from(publicKey, 'base64')
)
return isValid
} catch (error) {
return false
}
}
```
#### 交易验证
```typescript
async function verifyTransaction(transaction: Transaction) {
// Verify recipient
if (transaction.to !== expectedRecipient) {
throw new Error('Invalid recipient')
}
// Verify amount
if (transaction.amount > maxAmount) {
throw new Error('Amount exceeds limit')
}
// Verify user has sufficient balance
const balance = await getBalance(transaction.from)
if (balance < transaction.amount) {
throw new Error('Insufficient balance')
}
return true
}
```
#### 验证步骤
- [ ] 钱包签名已验证
- [ ] 交易详情已验证
- [ ] 交易前的余额检查
- [ ] 没有盲目交易签名
### 10. 依赖项安全
#### 定期更新
```bash
# Check for vulnerabilities
npm audit
# Fix automatically fixable issues
npm audit fix
# Update dependencies
npm update
# Check for outdated packages
npm outdated
```
#### 锁文件 (Lock Files)
```bash
# ALWAYS commit lock files
git add package-lock.json
# Use in CI/CD for reproducible builds
npm ci # Instead of npm install
```
#### 验证步骤
- [ ] 依赖项是最新的
- [ ] 没有已知漏洞 (npm audit clean)
- [ ] 锁文件已提交
- [ ] 在 GitHub 上启用了 Dependabot
- [ ] 定期安全更新
## 安全测试
### 自动化安全测试
```typescript
// Test authentication
test('requires authentication', async () => {
const response = await fetch('/api/protected')
expect(response.status).toBe(401)
})
// Test authorization
test('requires admin role', async () => {
const response = await fetch('/api/admin', {
headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${userToken}` }
})
expect(response.status).toBe(403)
})
// Test input validation
test('rejects invalid input', async () => {
const response = await fetch('/api/users', {
method: 'POST',
body: JSON.stringify({ email: 'not-an-email' })
})
expect(response.status).toBe(400)
})
// Test rate limiting
test('enforces rate limits', async () => {
const requests = Array(101).fill(null).map(() =>
fetch('/api/endpoint')
)
const responses = await Promise.all(requests)
const tooManyRequests = responses.filter(r => r.status === 429)
expect(tooManyRequests.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
})
```
## 部署前安全检查清单
在任何生产部署之前:
- [ ] **Secrets**: 没有硬编码 secrets,全在 env vars 中
- [ ] **Input Validation**: 所有用户输入已验证
- [ ] **SQL Injection**: 所有查询已参数化
- [ ] **XSS**: 用户内容已清理
- [ ] **CSRF**: 保护已启用
- [ ] **Authentication**: 正确的令牌处理
- [ ] **Authorization**: 角色检查到位
- [ ] **Rate Limiting**: 在所有端点上启用
- [ ] **HTTPS**: 在生产中强制执行
- [ ] **Security Headers**: CSP, X-Frame-Options 已配置
- [ ] **Error Handling**: 错误中没有敏感数据
- [ ] **Logging**: 没有记录敏感数据
- [ ] **Dependencies**: 最新的,没有漏洞
- [ ] **Row Level Security**: 在 Supabase 中启用
- [ ] **CORS**: 正确配置
- [ ] **File Uploads**: 已验证 (大小, 类型)
- [ ] **Wallet Signatures**: 已验证 (如果是区块链)
## 资源
- [OWASP Top 10](https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/)
- [Next.js Security](https://nextjs.org/docs/security)
- [Supabase Security](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/auth)
- [Web Security Academy](https://portswigger.net/web-security)
---
**记住**:安全不是可选的。一个漏洞可能危及整个平台。如有疑问,宁可谨慎。
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