适用于 TypeScript、JavaScript、React 和 Node.js 开发的通用编码标准、最佳实践和模式。
Scanned 9/4/2026
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---
name: coding-standards
description: 适用于 TypeScript、JavaScript、React 和 Node.js 开发的通用编码标准、最佳实践和模式。
---
# 编码标准 & 最佳实践 (Coding Standards & Best Practices)
适用于所有项目的通用编码标准。
## 代码质量原则
### 1. 可读性优先 (Readability First)
- 代码被阅读的次数多于被编写的次数
- 清晰的变量和函数命名
- 自文档化代码优于注释
- 一致的格式化
### 2. KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid)
- 能够工作的最简单解决方案
- 避免过度设计
- 无过早优化
- 易于理解 > 聪明的代码
### 3. DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself)
- 将通用逻辑提取到函数中
- 创建可重用的组件
- 在模块间共享工具
- 避免复制粘贴编程
### 4. YAGNI (You Aren't Gonna Need It)
- 不要构建还不需要的功能
- 避免推测性的通用性
- 仅在需要时添加复杂性
- 从简单开始,在需要时重构
## TypeScript/JavaScript 标准
### 变量命名
```typescript
// ✅ GOOD: 描述性名称
const marketSearchQuery = 'election'
const isUserAuthenticated = true
const totalRevenue = 1000
// ❌ BAD: 不清楚的名称
const q = 'election'
const flag = true
const x = 1000
```
### 函数命名
```typescript
// ✅ GOOD: 动词-名词模式
async function fetchMarketData(marketId: string) { }
function calculateSimilarity(a: number[], b: number[]) { }
function isValidEmail(email: string): boolean { }
// ❌ BAD: 不清楚或仅名词
async function market(id: string) { }
function similarity(a, b) { }
function email(e) { }
```
### 不可变性模式 (CRITICAL)
```typescript
// ✅ ALWAYS use spread operator
const updatedUser = {
...user,
name: 'New Name'
}
const updatedArray = [...items, newItem]
// ❌ NEVER mutate directly
user.name = 'New Name' // BAD
items.push(newItem) // BAD
```
### 错误处理
```typescript
// ✅ GOOD: 全面的错误处理
async function fetchData(url: string) {
try {
const response = await fetch(url)
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}: ${response.statusText}`)
}
return await response.json()
} catch (error) {
console.error('Fetch failed:', error)
throw new Error('Failed to fetch data')
}
}
// ❌ BAD: 无错误处理
async function fetchData(url) {
const response = await fetch(url)
return response.json()
}
```
### Async/Await 最佳实践
```typescript
// ✅ GOOD: 可能时并行执行
const [users, markets, stats] = await Promise.all([
fetchUsers(),
fetchMarkets(),
fetchStats()
])
// ❌ BAD: 不必要的顺序执行
const users = await fetchUsers()
const markets = await fetchMarkets()
const stats = await fetchStats()
```
### 类型安全
```typescript
// ✅ GOOD: 适当的类型
interface Market {
id: string
name: string
status: 'active' | 'resolved' | 'closed'
created_at: Date
}
function getMarket(id: string): Promise<Market> {
// Implementation
}
// ❌ BAD: 使用 'any'
function getMarket(id: any): Promise<any> {
// Implementation
}
```
## React 最佳实践
### 组件结构
```typescript
// ✅ GOOD: 带有类型的函数组件
interface ButtonProps {
children: React.ReactNode
onClick: () => void
disabled?: boolean
variant?: 'primary' | 'secondary'
}
export function Button({
children,
onClick,
disabled = false,
variant = 'primary'
}: ButtonProps) {
return (
<button
onClick={onClick}
disabled={disabled}
className={`btn btn-${variant}`}
>
{children}
</button>
)
}
// ❌ BAD: 无类型,不清楚的结构
export function Button(props) {
return <button onClick={props.onClick}>{props.children}</button>
}
```
### 自定义 Hooks
```typescript
// ✅ GOOD: 可重用的自定义 hook
export function useDebounce<T>(value: T, delay: number): T {
const [debouncedValue, setDebouncedValue] = useState<T>(value)
useEffect(() => {
const handler = setTimeout(() => {
setDebouncedValue(value)
}, delay)
return () => clearTimeout(handler)
}, [value, delay])
return debouncedValue
}
// 用法
const debouncedQuery = useDebounce(searchQuery, 500)
```
### 状态管理
```typescript
// ✅ GOOD: 适当的状态更新
const [count, setCount] = useState(0)
// 基于前一个状态的功能性更新
setCount(prev => prev + 1)
// ❌ BAD: 直接状态引用
setCount(count + 1) // Can be stale in async scenarios
```
###以此渲染
```typescript
// ✅ GOOD: 清晰的条件渲染
{isLoading && <Spinner />}
{error && <ErrorMessage error={error} />}
{data && <DataDisplay data={data} />}
// ❌ BAD: 三元运算符地狱
{isLoading ? <Spinner /> : error ? <ErrorMessage error={error} /> : data ? <DataDisplay data={data} /> : null}
```
## API 设计标准
### REST API 约定
```
GET /api/markets # 列出所有市场
GET /api/markets/:id # 获取特定市场
POST /api/markets # 创建新市场
PUT /api/markets/:id # 更新市场 (full)
PATCH /api/markets/:id # 更新市场 (partial)
DELETE /api/markets/:id # 删除市场
# 用于过滤的查询参数
GET /api/markets?status=active&limit=10&offset=0
```
### 响应格式
```typescript
// ✅ GOOD: 一致的响应结构
interface ApiResponse<T> {
success: boolean
data?: T
error?: string
meta?: {
total: number
page: number
limit: number
}
}
// Success response
return NextResponse.json({
success: true,
data: markets,
meta: { total: 100, page: 1, limit: 10 }
})
// Error response
return NextResponse.json({
success: false,
error: 'Invalid request'
}, { status: 400 })
```
### 输入验证
```typescript
import { z } from 'zod'
// ✅ GOOD: Schema 验证
const CreateMarketSchema = z.object({
name: z.string().min(1).max(200),
description: z.string().min(1).max(2000),
endDate: z.string().datetime(),
categories: z.array(z.string()).min(1)
})
export async function POST(request: Request) {
const body = await request.json()
try {
const validated = CreateMarketSchema.parse(body)
// 使用验证后的数据继续
} catch (error) {
if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
return NextResponse.json({
success: false,
error: 'Validation failed',
details: error.errors
}, { status: 400 })
}
}
}
```
## 文件组织
### 项目结构
```
src/
├── app/ # Next.js App Router
│ ├── api/ # API routes
│ ├── markets/ # Market pages
│ └── (auth)/ # Auth pages (route groups)
├── components/ # React components
│ ├── ui/ # Generic UI components
│ ├── forms/ # Form components
│ └── layouts/ # Layout components
├── hooks/ # Custom React hooks
├── lib/ # Utilities and configs
│ ├── api/ # API clients
│ ├── utils/ # Helper functions
│ └── constants/ # Constants
├── types/ # TypeScript types
└── styles/ # Global styles
```
### 文件命名
```
components/Button.tsx # PascalCase 用于组件
hooks/useAuth.ts # camelCase 带有 'use' 前缀
lib/formatDate.ts # camelCase 用于工具
types/market.types.ts # camelCase 带有 .types 后缀
```
## 注释 & 文档
### 何时注释
```typescript
// ✅ GOOD: 解释 WHY (为什么), 而不是 WHAT (什么)
// Use exponential backoff to avoid overwhelming the API during outages
const delay = Math.min(1000 * Math.pow(2, retryCount), 30000)
// Deliberately using mutation here for performance with large arrays
items.push(newItem)
// ❌ BAD: 陈述显而易见的事实
// Increment counter by 1
count++
// Set name to user's name
name = user.name
```
### 公共 API 的 JSDoc
```typescript
/**
* 使用语义相似度搜索市场。
*
* @param query - 自然语言搜索查询
* @param limit - 最大结果数 (default: 10)
* @returns 按相似度得分排序的市场数组
* @throws {Error} 如果 OpenAI API 失败或 Redis 不可用
*
* @example
* ```typescript
* const results = await searchMarkets('election', 5)
* console.log(results[0].name) // "Trump vs Biden"
* ```
*/
export async function searchMarkets(
query: string,
limit: number = 10
): Promise<Market[]> {
// Implementation
}
```
## 性能最佳实践
### 记忆化 (Memoization)
```typescript
import { useMemo, useCallback } from 'react'
// ✅ GOOD: Memoize 昂贵的计算
const sortedMarkets = useMemo(() => {
return markets.sort((a, b) => b.volume - a.volume)
}, [markets])
// ✅ GOOD: Memoize 回调
const handleSearch = useCallback((query: string) => {
setSearchQuery(query)
}, [])
```
### 懒加载 (Lazy Loading)
```typescript
import { lazy, Suspense } from 'react'
// ✅ GOOD: 懒加载重组件
const HeavyChart = lazy(() => import('./HeavyChart'))
export function Dashboard() {
return (
<Suspense fallback={<Spinner />}>
<HeavyChart />
</Suspense>
)
}
```
### 数据库查询
```typescript
// ✅ GOOD: 仅选择需要的列
const { data } = await supabase
.from('markets')
.select('id, name, status')
.limit(10)
// ❌ BAD: 选择一切
const { data } = await supabase
.from('markets')
.select('*')
```
## 测试标准
### 测试结构 (AAA 模式)
```typescript
test('calculates similarity correctly', () => {
// Arrange
const vector1 = [1, 0, 0]
const vector2 = [0, 1, 0]
// Act
const similarity = calculateCosineSimilarity(vector1, vector2)
// Assert
expect(similarity).toBe(0)
})
```
### 测试命名
```typescript
// ✅ GOOD: 描述性测试名称
test('returns empty array when no markets match query', () => { })
test('throws error when OpenAI API key is missing', () => { })
test('falls back to substring search when Redis unavailable', () => { })
// ❌ BAD: 模糊的测试名称
test('works', () => { })
test('test search', () => { })
```
## 代码异味检测
注意这些反模式:
### 1. 长函数
```typescript
// ❌ BAD: Function > 50 lines
function processMarketData() {
// 100 lines of code
}
// ✅ GOOD: 拆分成更小的函数
function processMarketData() {
const validated = validateData()
const transformed = transformData(validated)
return saveData(transformed)
}
```
### 2. 深层嵌套
```typescript
// ❌ BAD: 5+ levels of nesting
if (user) {
if (user.isAdmin) {
if (market) {
if (market.isActive) {
if (hasPermission) {
// Do something
}
}
}
}
}
// ✅ GOOD: Early returns
if (!user) return
if (!user.isAdmin) return
if (!market) return
if (!market.isActive) return
if (!hasPermission) return
// Do something
```
### 3. 魔术数字
```typescript
// ❌ BAD: Unexplained numbers
if (retryCount > 3) { }
setTimeout(callback, 500)
// ✅ GOOD: Named constants
const MAX_RETRIES = 3
const DEBOUNCE_DELAY_MS = 500
if (retryCount > MAX_RETRIES) { }
setTimeout(callback, DEBOUNCE_DELAY_MS)
```
**记住**:代码质量不可协商。清晰、可维护的代码能够实现快速开发和自信的重构。
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