Scikit Learn

---
name: scikit-learn
description: Machine learning in Python with scikit-learn. Use when working with supervised learning (classification, regression), unsupervised learning (clustering, dimensionality reduction), model evaluation, hyperparameter tuning, preprocessing, or building ML pipelines. Provides comprehensive reference documentation for algorithms, preprocessing techniques, pipelines, and best practices.
category: coding
license: BSD-3-Clause license
metadata:
    skill-author: Synthetic Sciences
version: 1.0.0
author: Synthetic Sciences
tags: [Machine Learning, Classification, Regression, Clustering]
dependencies: ["scikit-learn>=1.5.0"]
---

# Scikit-learn

## Overview

This skill provides comprehensive guidance for machine learning tasks using scikit-learn, the industry-standard Python library for classical machine learning. Use this skill for classification, regression, clustering, dimensionality reduction, preprocessing, model evaluation, and building production-ready ML pipelines.

## Installation

```bash
# Install scikit-learn using uv
uv uv pip install scikit-learn

# Optional: Install visualization dependencies
uv uv pip install matplotlib seaborn

# Commonly used with
uv uv pip install pandas numpy
```

## When to Use This Skill

Use the scikit-learn skill when:

- Building classification or regression models
- Performing clustering or dimensionality reduction
- Preprocessing and transforming data for machine learning
- Evaluating model performance with cross-validation
- Tuning hyperparameters with grid or random search
- Creating ML pipelines for production workflows
- Comparing different algorithms for a task
- Working with both structured (tabular) and text data
- Need interpretable, classical machine learning approaches

## Quick Start

### Classification Example

```python
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from sklearn.metrics import classification_report

# Split data
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
    X, y, test_size=0.2, stratify=y, random_state=42
)

# Preprocess
scaler = StandardScaler()
X_train_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test_scaled = scaler.transform(X_test)

# Train model
model = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=100, random_state=42)
model.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train)

# Evaluate
y_pred = model.predict(X_test_scaled)
print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred))
```

### Complete Pipeline with Mixed Data

```python
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
from sklearn.compose import ColumnTransformer
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler, OneHotEncoder
from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer
from sklearn.ensemble import GradientBoostingClassifier

# Define feature types
numeric_features = ['age', 'income']
categorical_features = ['gender', 'occupation']

# Create preprocessing pipelines
numeric_transformer = Pipeline([
    ('imputer', SimpleImputer(strategy='median')),
    ('scaler', StandardScaler())
])

categorical_transformer = Pipeline([
    ('imputer', SimpleImputer(strategy='most_frequent')),
    ('onehot', OneHotEncoder(handle_unknown='ignore'))
])

# Combine transformers
preprocessor = ColumnTransformer([
    ('num', numeric_transformer, numeric_features),
    ('cat', categorical_transformer, categorical_features)
])

# Full pipeline
model = Pipeline([
    ('preprocessor', preprocessor),
    ('classifier', GradientBoostingClassifier(random_state=42))
])

# Fit and predict
model.fit(X_train, y_train)
y_pred = model.predict(X_test)
```

## Core Capabilities

### 1. Supervised Learning

Comprehensive algorithms for classification and regression tasks.

**Key algorithms:**
- **Linear models**: Logistic Regression, Linear Regression, Ridge, Lasso, ElasticNet
- **Tree-based**: Decision Trees, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting
- **Support Vector Machines**: SVC, SVR with various kernels
- **Ensemble methods**: AdaBoost, Voting, Stacking
- **Neural Networks**: MLPClassifier, MLPRegressor
- **Others**: Naive Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbors

**When to use:**
- Classification: Predicting discrete categories (spam detection, image classification, fraud detection)
- Regression: Predicting continuous values (price prediction, demand forecasting)

**See:** `references/supervised_learning.md` for detailed algorithm documentation, parameters, and usage examples.

### 2. Unsupervised Learning

Discover patterns in unlabeled data through clustering and dimensionality reduction.

**Clustering algorithms:**
- **Partition-based**: K-Means, MiniBatchKMeans
- **Density-based**: DBSCAN, HDBSCAN, OPTICS
- **Hierarchical**: AgglomerativeClustering
- **Probabilistic**: Gaussian Mixture Models
- **Others**: MeanShift, SpectralClustering, BIRCH

**Dimensionality reduction:**
- **Linear**: PCA, TruncatedSVD, NMF
- **Manifold learning**: t-SNE, UMAP, Isomap, LLE
- **Feature extraction**: FastICA, LatentDirichletAllocation

**When to use:**
- Customer segmentation, anomaly detection, data visualization
- Reducing feature dimensions, exploratory data analysis
- Topic modeling, image compression

**See:** `references/unsupervised_learning.md` for detailed documentation.

### 3. Model Evaluation and Selection

Tools for robust model evaluation, cross-validation, and hyperparameter tuning.

**Cross-validation strategies:**
- KFold, StratifiedKFold (classification)
- TimeSeriesSplit (temporal data)
- GroupKFold (grouped samples)

**Hyperparameter tuning:**
- GridSearchCV (exhaustive search)
- RandomizedSearchCV (random sampling)
- HalvingGridSearchCV (successive halving)

**Metrics:**
- **Classification**: accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, ROC AUC, confusion matrix
- **Regression**: MSE, RMSE, MAE, R², MAPE
- **Clustering**: silhouette score, Calinski-Harabasz, Davies-Bouldin

**When to use:**
- Comparing model performance objectively
- Finding optimal hyperparameters
- Preventing overfitting through cross-validation
- Understanding model behavior with learning curves

**See:** `references/model_evaluation.md` for comprehensive metrics and tuning strategies.

### 4. Data Preprocessing

Transform raw data into formats suitable for machine learning.

**Scaling and normalization:**
- StandardScaler (zero mean, unit variance)
- MinMaxScaler (bounded range)
- RobustScaler (robust to outliers)
- Normalizer (sample-wise normalization)

**Encoding categorical variables:**
- OneHotEncoder (nominal categories)
- OrdinalEncoder (ordered categories)
- LabelEncoder (target encoding)

**Handling missing values:**
- SimpleImputer (mean, median, most frequent)
- KNNImputer (k-nearest neighbors)
- IterativeImputer (multivariate imputation)

**Feature engineering:**
- PolynomialFeatures (interaction terms)
- KBinsDiscretizer (binning)
- Feature selection (RFE, SelectKBest, SelectFromModel)

**When to use:**
- Before training any algorithm that requires scaled features (SVM, KNN, Neural Networks)
- Converting categorical variables to numeric format
- Handling missing data systematically
- Creating non-linear features for linear models

**See:** `references/preprocessing.md` for detailed preprocessing techniques.

### 5. Pipelines and Composition

Build reproducible, production-ready ML workflows.

**Key components:**
- **Pipeline**: Chain transformers and estimators sequentially
- **ColumnTransformer**: Apply different preprocessing to different columns
- **FeatureUnion**: Combine multiple transformers in parallel
- **TransformedTargetRegressor**: Transform target variable

**Benefits:**
- Prevents data leakage in cross-validation
- Simplifies code and improves maintainability
- Enables joint hyperparameter tuning
- Ensures consistency between training and prediction

**When to use:**
- Always use Pipelines for production workflows
- When mixing numerical and categorical features (use ColumnTransformer)
- When performing cross-validation with preprocessing steps
- When hyperparameter tuning includes preprocessing parameters

**See:** `references/pipelines_and_composition.md` for comprehensive pipeline patterns.

## Example Scripts

### Classification Pipeline

Run a complete classification workflow with preprocessing, model comparison, hyperparameter tuning, and evaluation:

```bash
python scripts/classification_pipeline.py
```

This script demonstrates:
- Handling mixed data types (numeric and categorical)
- Model comparison using cross-validation
- Hyperparameter tuning with GridSearchCV
- Comprehensive evaluation with multiple metrics
- Feature importance analysis

### Clustering Analysis

Perform clustering analysis with algorithm comparison and visualization:

```bash
python scripts/clustering_analysis.py
```

This script demonstrates:
- Finding optimal number of clusters (elbow method, silhouette analysis)
- Comparing multiple clustering algorithms (K-Means, DBSCAN, Agglomerative, Gaussian Mixture)
- Evaluating clustering quality without ground truth
- Visualizing results with PCA projection

## Reference Documentation

This skill includes comprehensive reference files for deep dives into specific topics:

### Quick Reference
**File:** `references/quick_reference.md`
- Common import patterns and installation instructions
- Quick workflow templates for common tasks
- Algorithm selection cheat sheets
- Common patterns and gotchas
- Performance optimization tips

### Supervised Learning
**File:** `references/supervised_learning.md`
- Linear models (regression and classification)
- Support Vector Machines
- Decision Trees and ensemble methods
- K-Nearest Neighbors, Naive Bayes, Neural Networks
- Algorithm selection guide

### Unsupervised Learning
**File:** `references/unsupervised_learning.md`
- All clustering algorithms with parameters and use cases
- Dimensionality reduction techniques
- Outlier and novelty detection
- Gaussian Mixture Models
- Method selection guide

### Model Evaluation
**File:** `references/model_evaluation.md`
- Cross-validation strategies
- Hyperparameter tuning methods
- Classification, regression, and clustering metrics
- Learning and validation curves
- Best practices for model selection

### Preprocessing
**File:** `references/preprocessing.md`
- Feature scaling and normalization
- Encoding categorical variables
- Missing value imputation
- Feature engineering techniques
- Custom transformers

### Pipelines and Composition
**File:** `references/pipelines_and_composition.md`
- Pipeline construction and usage
- ColumnTransformer for mixed data types
- FeatureUnion for parallel transformations
- Complete end-to-end examples
- Best practices

## Common Workflows

### Building a Classification Model

1. **Load and explore data**
   ```python
   import pandas as pd
   df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')
   X = df.drop('target', axis=1)
   y = df['target']
   ```

2. **Split data with stratification**
   ```python
   from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
   X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
       X, y, test_size=0.2, stratify=y, random_state=42
   )
   ```

3. **Create preprocessing pipeline**
   ```python
   from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
   from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
   from sklearn.compose import ColumnTransformer

   # Handle numeric and categorical features separately
   preprocessor = ColumnTransformer([
       ('num', StandardScaler(), numeric_features),
       ('cat', OneHotEncoder(), categorical_features)
   ])
   ```

4. **Build complete pipeline**
   ```python
   model = Pipeline([
       ('preprocessor', preprocessor),
       ('classifier', RandomForestClassifier(random_state=42))
   ])
   ```

5. **Tune hyperparameters**
   ```python
   from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV

   param_grid = {
       'classifier__n_estimators': [100, 200],
       'classifier__max_depth': [10, 20, None]
   }

   grid_search = GridSearchCV(model, param_grid, cv=5)
   grid_search.fit(X_train, y_train)
   ```

6. **Evaluate on test set**
   ```python
   from sklearn.metrics import classification_report

   best_model = grid_search.best_estimator_
   y_pred = best_model.predict(X_test)
   print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred))
   ```

### Performing Clustering Analysis

1. **Preprocess data**
   ```python
   from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

   scaler = StandardScaler()
   X_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X)
   ```

2. **Find optimal number of clusters**
   ```python
   from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
   from sklearn.metrics import silhouette_score

   scores = []
   for k in range(2, 11):
       kmeans = KMeans(n_clusters=k, random_state=42)
       labels = kmeans.fit_predict(X_scaled)
       scores.append(silhouette_score(X_scaled, labels))

   optimal_k = range(2, 11)[np.argmax(scores)]
   ```

3. **Apply clustering**
   ```python
   model = KMeans(n_clusters=optimal_k, random_state=42)
   labels = model.fit_predict(X_scaled)
   ```

4. **Visualize with dimensionality reduction**
   ```python
   from sklearn.decomposition import PCA

   pca = PCA(n_components=2)
   X_2d = pca.fit_transform(X_scaled)

   plt.scatter(X_2d[:, 0], X_2d[:, 1], c=labels, cmap='viridis')
   ```

## Best Practices

### Always Use Pipelines
Pipelines prevent data leakage and ensure consistency:
```python
# Good: Preprocessing in pipeline
pipeline = Pipeline([
    ('scaler', StandardScaler()),
    ('model', LogisticRegression())
])

# Bad: Preprocessing outside (can leak information)
X_scaled = StandardScaler().fit_transform(X)
```

### Fit on Training Data Only
Never fit on test data:
```python
# Good
scaler = StandardScaler()
X_train_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test_scaled = scaler.transform(X_test)  # Only transform

# Bad
scaler = StandardScaler()
X_all_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(np.vstack([X_train, X_test]))
```

### Use Stratified Splitting for Classification
Preserve class distribution:
```python
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
    X, y, test_size=0.2, stratify=y, random_state=42
)
```

### Set Random State for Reproducibility
```python
model = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=100, random_state=42)
```

### Choose Appropriate Metrics
- Balanced data: Accuracy, F1-score
- Imbalanced data: Precision, Recall, ROC AUC, Balanced Accuracy
- Cost-sensitive: Define custom scorer

### Scale Features When Required
Algorithms requiring feature scaling:
- SVM, KNN, Neural Networks
- PCA, Linear/Logistic Regression with regularization
- K-Means clustering

Algorithms not requiring scaling:
- Tree-based models (Decision Trees, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting)
- Naive Bayes

## Troubleshooting Common Issues

### ConvergenceWarning
**Issue:** Model didn't converge
**Solution:** Increase `max_iter` or scale features
```python
model = LogisticRegression(max_iter=1000)
```

### Poor Performance on Test Set
**Issue:** Overfitting
**Solution:** Use regularization, cross-validation, or simpler model
```python
# Add regularization
model = Ridge(alpha=1.0)

# Use cross-validation
scores = cross_val_score(model, X, y, cv=5)
```

### Memory Error with Large Datasets
**Solution:** Use algorithms designed for large data
```python
# Use SGD for large datasets
from sklearn.linear_model import SGDClassifier
model = SGDClassifier()

# Or MiniBatchKMeans for clustering
from sklearn.cluster import MiniBatchKMeans
model = MiniBatchKMeans(n_clusters=8, batch_size=100)
```

## Additional Resources

- Official Documentation: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/
- User Guide: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/user_guide.html
- API Reference: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/api/index.html
- Examples Gallery: https://scikit-learn.org/stable/auto_examples/index.html