Server Components

---
name: server-components
description: This skill should be used when the user asks about "Server Components", "Client Components", "'use client' directive", "when to use server vs client", "RSC patterns", "component composition", "data fetching in components", or needs guidance on React Server Components architecture in Next.js.
version: 1.0.0
---

# React Server Components in Next.js

## Overview

React Server Components (RSC) allow components to render on the server, reducing client-side JavaScript and enabling direct data access. In Next.js App Router, all components are Server Components by default.

## Server vs Client Components

### Server Components (Default)

Server Components run only on the server:

```tsx
// app/users/page.tsx (Server Component - default)
async function UsersPage() {
  const users = await db.user.findMany() // Direct DB access

  return (
    <ul>
      {users.map(user => (
        <li key={user.id}>{user.name}</li>
      ))}
    </ul>
  )
}
```

**Benefits:**
- Direct database/filesystem access
- Keep sensitive data on server (API keys, tokens)
- Reduce client bundle size
- Automatic code splitting

### Client Components

Add `'use client'` directive for interactivity:

```tsx
// components/counter.tsx
'use client'

import { useState } from 'react'

export function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)

  return (
    <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>
      Count: {count}
    </button>
  )
}
```

**Use Client Components for:**
- `useState`, `useEffect`, `useReducer`
- Event handlers (`onClick`, `onChange`)
- Browser APIs (`window`, `document`)
- Custom hooks with state

## The Mental Model

Think of the component tree as having a "client boundary":

```
Server Component (page.tsx)
├── Server Component (header.tsx)
├── Client Component ('use client') ← boundary
│   ├── Client Component (child)
│   └── Client Component (child)
└── Server Component (footer.tsx)
```

**Key rules:**
1. Server Components can import Client Components
2. Client Components cannot import Server Components
3. You can pass Server Components as `children` to Client Components

## Composition Patterns

### Pattern 1: Server Data → Client Interactivity

Fetch data in Server Component, pass to Client:

```tsx
// app/products/page.tsx (Server)
import { ProductList } from './product-list'

export default async function ProductsPage() {
  const products = await getProducts()
  return <ProductList products={products} />
}

// app/products/product-list.tsx (Client)
'use client'

export function ProductList({ products }: { products: Product[] }) {
  const [filter, setFilter] = useState('')

  const filtered = products.filter(p =>
    p.name.includes(filter)
  )

  return (
    <>
      <input onChange={e => setFilter(e.target.value)} />
      {filtered.map(p => <ProductCard key={p.id} product={p} />)}
    </>
  )
}
```

### Pattern 2: Children as Server Components

Pass Server Components through children prop:

```tsx
// components/client-wrapper.tsx
'use client'

export function ClientWrapper({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  const [isOpen, setIsOpen] = useState(false)

  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={() => setIsOpen(!isOpen)}>Toggle</button>
      {isOpen && children} {/* Server Component content */}
    </div>
  )
}

// app/page.tsx (Server)
import { ClientWrapper } from '@/components/client-wrapper'
import { ServerContent } from '@/components/server-content'

export default function Page() {
  return (
    <ClientWrapper>
      <ServerContent /> {/* Renders on server! */}
    </ClientWrapper>
  )
}
```

### Pattern 3: Slots for Complex Layouts

Use multiple children slots:

```tsx
// components/dashboard-shell.tsx
'use client'

interface Props {
  sidebar: React.ReactNode
  main: React.ReactNode
}

export function DashboardShell({ sidebar, main }: Props) {
  const [collapsed, setCollapsed] = useState(false)

  return (
    <div className="flex">
      {!collapsed && <aside>{sidebar}</aside>}
      <main>{main}</main>
    </div>
  )
}
```

## Data Fetching

### Async Server Components

Server Components can be async:

```tsx
// app/posts/page.tsx
export default async function PostsPage() {
  const posts = await fetch('https://api.example.com/posts')
    .then(res => res.json())

  return (
    <ul>
      {posts.map(post => (
        <li key={post.id}>{post.title}</li>
      ))}
    </ul>
  )
}
```

### Parallel Data Fetching

Fetch multiple resources in parallel:

```tsx
export default async function DashboardPage() {
  const [user, posts, analytics] = await Promise.all([
    getUser(),
    getPosts(),
    getAnalytics(),
  ])

  return (
    <Dashboard user={user} posts={posts} analytics={analytics} />
  )
}
```

### Streaming with Suspense

Stream slow components:

```tsx
import { Suspense } from 'react'

export default function Page() {
  return (
    <div>
      <Header /> {/* Renders immediately */}
      <Suspense fallback={<PostsSkeleton />}>
        <SlowPosts /> {/* Streams when ready */}
      </Suspense>
    </div>
  )
}
```

## Decision Guide

**Use Server Component when:**
- Fetching data
- Accessing backend resources
- Keeping sensitive info on server
- Reducing client JavaScript
- Component has no interactivity

**Use Client Component when:**
- Using state (`useState`, `useReducer`)
- Using effects (`useEffect`)
- Using event listeners
- Using browser APIs
- Using custom hooks with state

## Common Mistakes

1. **Don't** add `'use client'` unnecessarily - it increases bundle size
2. **Don't** try to import Server Components into Client Components
3. **Do** serialize data at boundaries (no functions, classes, or dates)
4. **Do** use the children pattern for composition

## Resources

For detailed patterns, see:
- `references/server-vs-client.md` - Complete comparison guide
- `references/composition-patterns.md` - Advanced composition
- `examples/data-fetching-patterns.md` - Data fetching examples