T1055.005 Thread Local Storage

---
name: "T1055.005_thread-local-storage"
description: "Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via thread local storage (TLS) callbacks in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges."
category: "configuration"
version: "18.1"
author: "cyberstrike-official"
tags:
  - mitre-attack
  - enterprise
  - t1055.005
  - defense-evasion
  - privilege-escalation
  - windows
  - sub-technique
technique_id: "T1055.005"
tactic: "defense-evasion"
all_tactics:
  - defense-evasion
  - privilege-escalation
platforms:
  - Windows
mitre_url: "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/005"
tech_stack:
  - windows
cwe_ids:
  - CWE-693
chains_with:
  - T1055
  - T1055.001
  - T1055.002
  - T1055.003
  - T1055.004
  - T1055.008
  - T1055.009
  - T1055.011
  - T1055.012
  - T1055.013
  - T1055.014
  - T1055.015
prerequisites:
  - T1055
severity_boost:
  T1055: "Chain with T1055 for deeper attack path"
  T1055.001: "Chain with T1055.001 for deeper attack path"
  T1055.002: "Chain with T1055.002 for deeper attack path"
---

# T1055.005 Thread Local Storage

> **Sub-technique of:** T1055

## High-Level Description

Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via thread local storage (TLS) callbacks in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. TLS callback injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process.

TLS callback injection involves manipulating pointers inside a portable executable (PE) to redirect a process to malicious code before reaching the code's legitimate entry point. TLS callbacks are normally used by the OS to setup and/or cleanup data used by threads. Manipulating TLS callbacks may be performed by allocating and writing to specific offsets within a process’ memory space using other Process Injection techniques such as Process Hollowing.

Running code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via TLS callback injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.

## Kill Chain Phase

- Defense Evasion (TA0005)
- Privilege Escalation (TA0004)

**Platforms:** Windows

## What to Check

- [ ] Identify if Thread Local Storage technique is applicable to target environment
- [ ] Check Windows systems for indicators of Thread Local Storage
- [ ] Verify mitigations are bypassed or absent (1 known mitigations)
- [ ] Assess detection coverage (1 detection strategies)

## How to Test

### Manual Testing

1. **Identify Attack Surface**: Determine if the target environment is susceptible to Thread Local Storage by examining the target platforms (Windows).

2. **Assess Existing Defenses**: Review whether mitigations for T1055.005 are in place. If defenses are absent or misconfigured, this technique may be exploitable.

3. **Execute Test**: Use tools and methods described in the MITRE ATT&CK page and external references below.

> **Note**: No Atomic Red Team tests available for this technique. See [Atomic Red Team GitHub](https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team) for updates.

## Remediation Guide

### M1040 Behavior Prevention on Endpoint

Some endpoint security solutions can be configured to block some types of process injection based on common sequences of behavior that occur during the injection process.

## Detection

### Detection Strategy for TLS Callback Injection via PE Memory Modification and Hollowing

## Risk Assessment

| Finding                                   | Severity | Impact          |
| ----------------------------------------- | -------- | --------------- |
| Thread Local Storage technique applicable | High     | Defense Evasion |

## CWE Categories

| CWE ID  | Title                        |
| ------- | ---------------------------- |
| CWE-693 | Protection Mechanism Failure |

## References

- [Elastic Process Injection July 2017](https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process)
- [FireEye TLS Nov 2017](https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/11/ursnif-variant-malicious-tls-callback-technique.html)
- [Atomic Red Team - T1055.005](https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/tree/master/atomics/T1055.005)
- [MITRE ATT&CK - T1055.005](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/005)