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Prove Geometric Theorem

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Prove geometric theorems using Euclidean axiomatic methods, coordinate geometry, or vector methods with rigorous step-by-step logical structure. Covers direct proof, proof by contradiction, coordinate proofs, vector proofs, and handling of special cases and degenerate configurations. Use when given a geometric statement to prove, verifying a conjecture, establishing a lemma, converting geometric intuition into a rigorous proof, or comparing the effectiveness of different proof methods.

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  • Added September 3, 2026
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SKILL.md
---
name: prove-geometric-theorem
locale: wenyan-lite
source_locale: en
source_commit: 82c77053
fence_basis_commit: 82c77053
translator: "Julius Brussee homage — caveman"
translation_date: "2026-04-26"
description: >
  Prove geometric theorems using Euclidean axiomatic methods, coordinate
  geometry, or vector methods with rigorous step-by-step logical structure.
  Covers direct proof, proof by contradiction, coordinate proofs, vector
  proofs, and handling of special cases and degenerate configurations.
  Use when given a geometric statement to prove, verifying a conjecture,
  establishing a lemma, converting geometric intuition into a rigorous proof,
  or comparing the effectiveness of different proof methods.
license: MIT
allowed-tools: Read Write Edit Bash Grep Glob
metadata:
  author: Philipp Thoss
  version: "1.0"
  domain: geometry
  complexity: advanced
  language: multi
  tags: geometry, proof, theorem, euclidean, axiomatic, coordinate
---

# 證幾何定理

擇適切之證法,自前提至結論建嚴謹之邏輯鏈、處理一切特例,並產出完整之證明文件,以嚴證一幾何定理。

## 適用時機

- 給定一幾何陳述,求證其為真
- 驗證關於幾何圖形或關係之猜想
- 為較大幾何論證所需之引理
- 將幾何直觀轉為嚴謹之證明
- 對同一定理比較不同證法之效用

## 輸入

- **必要**:定理陳述(待證之幾何主張)
- **必要**:給定資訊(前提、定義與所提供之圖形描述)
- **選擇性**:偏好之證法(直接、反證、座標、向量、變換)
- **選擇性**:嚴謹度(非形式、半形式、附公理引用之形式)
- **選擇性**:可不證即引用之既有結果(如「可假設畢氏定理」)
- **選擇性**:是否須明示處理所有退化與特例

## 步驟

### 步驟一:精確陳述定理

以標準數學形式重寫,明示「給定」與「求證」兩節。

1. **抽取前提**。於「給定」節中列每一條件。明示幾何類型(點、線、線段、射線、圓、多邊形)、關聯關係(位於、通過)、度量條件(全等、相等、垂直、平行)與秩序假設。

2. **陳述結論**。於「求證」節中精確寫出待證者。區別:
   - 相等/全等:AB = CD、角 A = 角 B、三角形 ABC 全等於三角形 DEF
   - 關聯:點 P 位於線 L 上、三線共點
   - 不等:AB > CD、角 A < 90 度
   - 存在:存在點 P 使得……
   - 唯一:該點唯一

3. **辨明隱含假設**。多數幾何題假設歐式幾何(平行公設)、非退化(點不重合、線不共點除非言明)與正向定向。將之明示。

4. **繪或述配置**。若有圖,謄其關鍵特徵;無,則自構:

```text
Given: Triangle ABC with D the midpoint of BC, E the midpoint of AC.
       Line segment DE.
Prove: DE is parallel to AB and DE = AB/2.

Configuration:
  A is at the apex; B and C form the base.
  D is the midpoint of BC; E is the midpoint of AC.
  DE connects the two midpoints.

Implicit assumptions: Euclidean plane, A is not on line BC (non-degenerate triangle).
```

**預期:** 一份精確、無歧之陳述,含「給定」與「求證」二節,所有隱含假設皆已浮現,配置描述清晰。

**失敗時:** 若定理陳述含糊(如「中點三角形與原三角形相似」),以明示之定義與量詞重寫。若陳述似為偽,先以具體例測試再進。偽定理無從證;當尋反例並陳述之。

### 步驟二:擇證法

擇最適合定理結構之證法。

**可用之法與適用時機**:

1. **直接(綜合)證明**:自前提向前推,用歐式命題與既證定理。
   - 適:全等/相似之證、追角、關聯定理。
   - 工具:三角形全等準則(SSS、SAS、ASA、AAS、HL)、平行性質(內錯角、同位角)、圓定理(圓周角、切徑、點之冪)。

2. **反證**:假設結論之否定,導出矛盾。
   - 適:唯一性、不可能性、直接路線不明之不等式。
   - 結構:「設反證,假定 [否定]。則…… [邏輯鏈]……,與 [既知事實] 矛盾。故原結論成立。」

3. **座標證明**:將圖置於座標系,以代數操作。
   - 適:中點/距離/斜率關係、共線、平行、垂直。
   - 設置:擇座標以最少計算(如將一頂點置於原點、一邊置於某軸)。

4. **向量證明**:以向量運算表幾何關係。
   - 適:質心/重心性質、平行(平行向量)、垂直(內積為 0)、面積比。
   - 標記:相對所擇原點之位置向量,或對平移不變者用自由向量。

5. **變換證明**:施一幾何變換(反射、旋轉、平移、放縮)將圖之一部映至另一部。
   - 適:對稱性、經等距之全等、經放縮之相似。

評估並記錄擇定:

```text
Theorem: Midline theorem (DE || AB and DE = AB/2).
Method evaluation:
  - Direct: requires parallel line theory and similar triangles. Moderate.
  - Coordinate: place B at origin, C on x-axis. Short computation. Good.
  - Vector: express D, E as midpoints, compute DE vector. Elegant.
Selected method: Coordinate proof (for explicit computation).
Alternative: Vector proof (for elegance).
```

**預期:** 一具名之證法,附其適合本定理之理由,並可選地記替代路線。

**失敗時:** 若初擇之法於步驟三遇阻,改用替代。座標證能機械式地解決度量問題,可作可靠後援。若擇反證但其否定未導向有用之中介,改試直接。

### 步驟三:以正當之步驟構造證明

將證明建為邏輯步驟之序列,每步皆以公理、定義或既證結果為據。

**直接/綜合證明**:

組為蘊含鏈。每步須引用其依據:

```text
Proof:
1. Let M be the midpoint of AB.                    [Given]
2. Then AM = MB = AB/2.                            [Definition of midpoint]
3. In triangle ABC, since CM is a median,
   CM connects vertex C to midpoint M of AB.       [Definition of median]
4. Triangles ACM and BCM share side CM.            [Common side]
5. AM = MB.                                         [Step 2]
6. AC may or may not equal BC.                      [No assumption of isosceles]
...
```

**座標證明**:

設座標、計算、詮釋:

```text
Proof (coordinate):
1. Place B at the origin (0, 0) and C at (2c, 0).  [Choice of coordinates]
2. Let A = (2a, 2b) for some a, b with b != 0.     [Non-degeneracy; factor of 2
                                                      simplifies midpoint computation]
3. D = midpoint of BC = ((0 + 2c)/2, 0) = (c, 0).  [Midpoint formula]
4. E = midpoint of AC = ((2a + 2c)/2, (2b + 0)/2)
     = (a + c, b).                                   [Midpoint formula]
5. Vector DE = E - D = (a + c - c, b - 0) = (a, b). [Vector subtraction]
6. Vector AB = B - A = (0 - 2a, 0 - 2b) = (-2a, -2b).
   So vector BA = (2a, 2b) = 2 * (a, b) = 2 * DE.  [Vector subtraction]
7. Since BA = 2 * DE, vectors DE and BA are parallel
   (scalar multiple) and |DE| = |BA|/2.             [Parallel vectors; magnitude]
8. Therefore DE || AB and DE = AB/2.                 [QED]
```

**向量證明**:

以相對所擇原點之位置向量:

```text
Proof (vector):
Let position vectors of A, B, C be a, b, c respectively.
1. D = (b + c)/2.                                   [Midpoint of BC]
2. E = (a + c)/2.                                   [Midpoint of AC]
3. DE = E - D = (a + c)/2 - (b + c)/2 = (a - b)/2. [Vector subtraction]
4. AB = B - A = b - a.                               [Vector subtraction]
5. DE = -(1/2)(b - a) = (1/2)(a - b).
   So DE = -(1/2) * AB, meaning DE = (1/2) AB
   in magnitude with opposite direction
   (equivalently, DE || AB).                         [Scalar multiple => parallel]
6. |DE| = (1/2)|AB|, i.e., DE = AB/2.               [Magnitude of scalar multiple]
QED.
```

**證明結構要求**:

- 每步編號。
- 每步後以方括號引用依據。
- 以「故」或「因此」標出邏輯結論。
- 勿留缺口:若某步須中介結果,或證之或引之。

**預期:** 一份完整證明,每步皆順承前步與所引結果,無無據主張。

**失敗時:** 若某步無從引據,可能為偽。以具體例測之。若數值上成立而無從引據,可能須一中介引理。陳述之、單獨證之、再續主證。若整路阻塞,回步驟二改擇他法。

### 步驟四:處理特例與邊界條件

辨明並處理通用論證可能失效之配置。

1. **退化情況**。檢驗證明於下列情況是否仍成立:
   - 三角形退化為線(頂點共線)
   - 圓退化為點(半徑零)或線(半徑無窮)
   - 兩點重合
   - 角為 0 或 π(平角)
   - 多邊形變為非凸或自交

2. **邊界情況**。檢極值:
   - 角依賴定理中之直角
   - 三角形定理中之等腰或等邊特化
   - 圓定理中切線對割線之配置

3. **座標證明**:驗座標指派未失普遍性:
   - 將某點置於原點是否排除某些有效配置?
   - 假設一邊置於某軸是否強加特殊定向?
   - 是否有隱含之符號假設(b > 0)排除有效情況?

4. **記錄每一特例**及其處置:

```text
Special cases:
- If A lies on BC (degenerate triangle): D = E = midpoint of BC,
  and DE has length 0 while AB/2 > 0 in general. But the theorem
  assumes a non-degenerate triangle (b != 0 in our coordinates), so
  this case is excluded by hypothesis.
- If triangle is isosceles with AB = AC: the proof applies without
  modification (no special property of isosceles triangles was excluded).
- Coordinate generality: A = (2a, 2b) with b != 0 covers all non-degenerate
  triangles up to rotation and reflection, which preserves parallelism and
  length ratios. No generality lost.
```

**預期:** 每一退化或邊界情況皆已辨明;對之或證明仍適用,或證明該情況被前提排除,或另論。

**失敗時:** 若某特例破壞證明,定理可能需添前提(如「對非退化三角形」)。回步驟一修陳述,或為該特例另證。

### 步驟五:以 QED 收筆寫完整證明

整合前諸步驟為終本證明文件。

1. **標頭**:以「給定/求證」形式陳述定理。

2. **證明本體**:呈現自步驟三之完整正當步驟鏈。

3. **特例**:將步驟四之分析或併入(若簡),或於主證後附作備註。

4. **收筆**:以明確標誌結束:
   - 「QED」(quod erat demonstrandum)
   - Halmos 墓碑符(實心或空心方塊)
   - 「證畢。」

5. **複審證明**之邏輯完整性:
   - 每步是否順承前步或所引結果?
   - 所有前提是否皆被用?(若某前提未用,定理可能於更弱條件下亦成立,或有缺口。)
   - 結論是否於最末步明示達成?

格式化終本:

```text
THEOREM (Midline Theorem):
Given: Triangle ABC; D is the midpoint of BC; E is the midpoint of AC.
Prove: DE || AB and DE = AB/2.

PROOF:
Place B = (0, 0), C = (2c, 0), A = (2a, 2b) with b != 0
(ensuring non-degeneracy).

(1) D = midpoint(B, C) = (c, 0).                 [Midpoint formula]
(2) E = midpoint(A, C) = (a + c, b).             [Midpoint formula]
(3) Vector DE = (a, b).                           [Subtraction: (2) - (1)]
(4) Vector BA = (2a, 2b) = 2 * DE.               [Subtraction: A - B]
(5) Since BA = 2 * DE, the vectors are parallel,
    so DE || AB.                                  [Parallel criterion]
(6) |DE| = sqrt(a^2 + b^2);
    |AB| = sqrt(4a^2 + 4b^2) = 2*sqrt(a^2 + b^2)
         = 2|DE|.
    Therefore DE = AB/2.                          [Magnitude computation]

QED.
```

6. **可選**:陳述逆定理或述其推廣。

**預期:** 一份自含之證明文件,讀者(或驗證代理)可自前提循至結論而不需外部參照,以明示之 QED 結尾。

**失敗時:** 若終審發現缺口,回步驟三補之。若證明正確但過長(>30 步),考慮以引理重組:將可重用之中介結果抽為具名引理,單獨證之,再於主證引用。

## 驗證

- [ ] 定理以精確之「給定/求證」形式陳述,所有隱含假設皆明示
- [ ] 證法已具名並附理由
- [ ] 每步皆編號並引依據
- [ ] 鏈中無無據主張或邏輯缺口
- [ ] 所有前提至少各被用一次(或註可移除)
- [ ] 結論於末步明示
- [ ] 退化與邊界情況皆已辨明並處理
- [ ] 座標證明已示其座標選擇未失普遍性
- [ ] 證明以 QED 或同等收筆結束
- [ ] 證明已對至少一具體數值例測試

## 常見陷阱

- **假設待證者(循環論證)**:最陰險之錯。例如,證兩三角形全等時,將該全等之推論用為一步。永將每步追溯至前提或既證結果,勿至結論。

- **無據之圖形假設**:圖可暗示二線相交、某點位於三角形內、某角為銳。此等視覺印象須證,不可假設。圖示明而不立證。

- **座標放置失普遍性**:將三角形以 A 置原點、B 置正 x 軸、C 置上半平面,將排除頂點順時針排序之配置。對距離/平行之證或無妨,但對與定向相依者(帶號面積、外積方向)可有妨。永驗。

- **忽略退化**:關於圓內接三角形之證可能於三角形退化為直徑加圓上一點時失效。永檢點重合、線變平行、圖退化時之情況。

- **引用過強之結果**:用餘弦定理證可由基本追角即得之結果,將模糊證明邏輯,並可能引入不必要假設(如餘弦函數為良定)。用最簡足之器。

- **逆定理之陷**:「四邊形為平行四邊形則對角線互相平分」為真,惟其逆為另一定理,須另證。當主求正向時勿證逆向,反之亦然。

- **分情不全**:證分情(如角 A 為銳、直、鈍)須述全。證銳例而稱「他例同理」而未驗,恐隱真實之異。

## 相關技能

- `construct-geometric-figure` —— 構造與證明互補:構造示存在,證立性質
- `solve-trigonometric-problem` —— 三角計算常於幾何證明中為子任務
- `create-skill` —— 將新證法封裝為可重用之技能時依之

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