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Create Spatial Visualization
ASecurityCreate interactive maps, elevation profiles, and spatial visualizations from GPX tracks, waypoints, or route data using R (sf, leaflet, tmap) or Observable (D3, deck.gl). Covers data import, coordinate system handling, map styling, and export to HTML or image formats. Use when visualizing a planned or completed tour route on an interactive map, creating elevation profiles for hiking or cycling routes, overlaying waypoints and POIs on a basemap, or building a web-based trip dashboard.
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- Added September 3, 2026
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[](https://www.skillsdirectory.com/skills/pjt222-create-spatial-visualization-cd3de987)---
name: create-spatial-visualization
locale: wenyan
source_locale: en
source_commit: 82c77053
fence_basis_commit: 82c77053
translator: "Julius Brussee homage — caveman"
translation_date: "2026-04-19"
description: >
Create interactive maps, elevation profiles, and spatial visualizations
from GPX tracks, waypoints, or route data using R (sf, leaflet, tmap)
or Observable (D3, deck.gl). Covers data import, coordinate system
handling, map styling, and export to HTML or image formats. Use when
visualizing a planned or completed tour route on an interactive map,
creating elevation profiles for hiking or cycling routes, overlaying
waypoints and POIs on a basemap, or building a web-based trip dashboard.
license: MIT
allowed-tools: Read Write Edit Bash Grep Glob
metadata:
author: Philipp Thoss
version: "1.0"
domain: travel
complexity: advanced
language: multi
tags: travel, maps, leaflet, gpx, elevation, visualization
---
# 建空間視
由 GPX 跡、航點、途數建互動圖、高程圖、空視。
## 用時
- 將劃或畢之遊途視於互動圖
- 為步行或單車途建高程圖
- 於底圖疊航點、POI、途廊
- 為印報建靜圖
- 建基於網之含空數之遊儀盤
## 入
- **必要**:空數源(GPX、含經緯之 CSV、GeoJSON、航點列)
- **必要**:視類(互動圖、靜圖、高程圖、熱圖)
- **可選**:底圖之擇(OpenStreetMap、衛星、地形、等高)
- **可選**:樣參(色、線寬、標圖)
- **可選**:出式(HTML 部件、PNG、SVG、嵌於 Quarto)
- **可選**:他層(POI 標、域界、距標)
## 法
### 第一步:入空數
加載而解空數為可用式。
**R 法(sf 包):**
```r
# GPX file
track <- sf::st_read("route.gpx", layer = "tracks")
waypoints <- sf::st_read("route.gpx", layer = "waypoints")
# CSV with coordinates
points <- readr::read_csv("stops.csv") |>
sf::st_as_sf(coords = c("lon", "lat"), crs = 4326)
# GeoJSON
route <- sf::st_read("route.geojson")
```
**JS 法(Observable/D3):**
```javascript
// GPX parsing
const gpxText = await FileAttachment("route.gpx").text();
const parser = new DOMParser();
const gpxDoc = parser.parseFromString(gpxText, "text/xml");
// Extract track points
const trkpts = gpxDoc.querySelectorAll("trkpt");
const coordinates = Array.from(trkpts).map(pt => ({
lat: +pt.getAttribute("lat"),
lon: +pt.getAttribute("lon"),
ele: +pt.querySelector("ele")?.textContent || 0
}));
```
驗坐標參系(CRS)為 WGS 84(EPSG:4326)以適網圖。
**得:** 空數加載為 sf 物(R)或坐標陣(JS),幾何合法。點數合期入(如 GPX 跡有數百至數千點)。
**敗則:** 若 GPX 解敗,察文件為合法 XML。常問:GPS 電盡致截、混名空間、GPX 1.0 對 1.1 異。若 CRS 缺,明賦 `sf::st_set_crs(data, 4326)`。若坐標反(經緯倒),察列序。
### 第二步:處清
轉原數為析之空特徵。
```text
Processing Pipeline:
┌─────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Operation │ Purpose │
├─────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Remove duplicates │ GPS often logs identical points at stops │
│ Smooth track │ Reduce GPS jitter in dense urban areas │
│ Calculate distances │ Cumulative distance along track │
│ Extract elevation │ Build elevation profile data │
│ Segment by day │ Split multi-day tracks into daily legs │
│ Buffer route │ Create corridor for POI discovery │
│ Simplify geometry │ Reduce point count for web performance │
└─────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────┘
```
**R 處例:**
```r
# Calculate cumulative distance
track_points <- sf::st_cast(track, "POINT")
distances <- sf::st_distance(track_points[-nrow(track_points), ],
track_points[-1, ],
by_element = TRUE)
cumulative_km <- cumsum(as.numeric(distances)) / 1000
# Extract elevation profile data
elevation_df <- data.frame(
distance_km = c(0, cumulative_km),
elevation_m = sf::st_coordinates(track_points)[, 3]
)
# Simplify for web display (keep 1% of points)
track_simple <- sf::st_simplify(track, dTolerance = 0.001)
```
**得:** 清空數,距已算、高程已抽、幾何已簡以合目標出。無 NA 坐標、無零長段。
**敗則:** 若高程缺(某 GPS 常見),用 DEM 查服或記高程圖不可得。若簡去要形細,減容差值。若距算生 NA,以 `sf::st_is_empty()` 察空幾何。
### 第三步:擇視類
為數與聽者擇配視。
```text
Visualization Decision Matrix:
┌─────────────────────┬──────────────────────┬───────────────────┐
│ Type │ Best for │ Tool │
├─────────────────────┼──────────────────────┼───────────────────┤
│ Interactive map │ Web, exploration │ leaflet (R), │
│ │ │ deck.gl (JS) │
├─────────────────────┼──────────────────────┼───────────────────┤
│ Static map │ Print, reports │ tmap (R), │
│ │ │ ggplot2 + ggspatial│
├─────────────────────┼──────────────────────┼───────────────────┤
│ Elevation profile │ Hiking/cycling │ ggplot2, D3 │
│ │ analysis │ │
├─────────────────────┼──────────────────────┼───────────────────┤
│ Heatmap │ Visit density, │ leaflet.extras, │
│ │ coverage │ deck.gl HeatmapLayer│
├─────────────────────┼──────────────────────┼───────────────────┤
│ 3D terrain │ Mountain routes │ rayshader (R), │
│ │ │ deck.gl TerrainLayer│
└─────────────────────┴──────────────────────┴───────────────────┘
```
依內容設底圖瓦:
- **OpenStreetMap**:通用,標佳
- **Stamen Terrain**:步行與野外途
- **ESRI World Imagery**:衛星脈
- **OpenTopoMap**:為高程脈之地形等高
**得:** 視類與工具擇已決,底圖合途數。
**敗則:** 若擇工具不能處數量(如 leaflet 中 100,000+ 跡點),先簡幾何或轉基於 canvas 之渲(deck.gl)。若底圖瓦不可得(罕),退用 OpenStreetMap 為最可靠之免費選。
### 第四步:渲圖
以諸層與樣建視。
**互動圖(R/leaflet):**
```r
leaflet::leaflet() |>
leaflet::addProviderTiles("OpenTopoMap") |>
leaflet::addPolylines(
data = track,
color = "#2563eb",
weight = 4,
opacity = 0.8
) |>
leaflet::addCircleMarkers(
data = waypoints,
radius = 8,
color = "#dc2626",
fillOpacity = 0.9,
popup = ~name
) |>
leaflet::addScaleBar(position = "bottomleft") |>
leaflet::addMiniMap(position = "bottomright")
```
**高程圖(R/ggplot2):**
```r
ggplot2::ggplot(elevation_df, ggplot2::aes(x = distance_km, y = elevation_m)) +
ggplot2::geom_area(fill = "#93c5fd", alpha = 0.4) +
ggplot2::geom_line(color = "#2563eb", linewidth = 0.8) +
ggplot2::labs(
x = "Distance (km)",
y = "Elevation (m)",
title = "Elevation Profile"
) +
ggplot2::theme_minimal()
```
需時增補層:每 N 公里之距標、日斷之示、難度色段、POI 圖。
**得:** 渲之視清示途、航點、補信。互動圖當應含彈出與縮放。高程圖當有正軸尺。
**敗則:** 若圖渲而無數,察坐標於正 CRS(leaflet 為 EPSG:4326)。若彈空,驗彈式之列名。若高程有極峰,濾 GPS 高程誤(偏鄰者逾 100m)。
### 第五步:出而嵌
存視為目標式。
```text
Export Options:
┌───────────────────┬────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Format │ Method │
├───────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ HTML widget │ htmlwidgets::saveWidget(map, "map.html") │
│ PNG (static) │ mapview::mapshot() or ggplot2::ggsave() │
│ SVG (vector) │ ggplot2::ggsave("plot.svg") │
│ Quarto embed │ Place leaflet/ggplot code in .qmd chunk │
│ GeoJSON export │ sf::st_write(data, "output.geojson") │
│ KML (Google Earth)│ sf::st_write(data, "output.kml") │
└───────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```
Quarto 嵌法:
1. 將視碼置於有合宜標之碼塊
2. 靜圖用 `#| fig-cap:`,交叉參用 `#| label: fig-map`
3. YAML 設 `self-contained: true` 以打包瓦(增尺)
**得:** 出文件於目標脈可觀(HTML 為覽器、嵌為報、印為 PNG/SVG)。尺合(HTML 部件 < 5MB,圖 < 1MB)。
**敗則:** 若 HTML 部件過大,減瓦緩或簡幾何。若 Quarto 以 leaflet 渲敗,確 htmlwidgets 已裝,出式為 HTML(leaflet 不渲 PDF)。PDF 出用靜圖替(tmap 以 `tmap_mode("plot")`)。
## 驗
- [ ] 空數無訛入且有正 CRS
- [ ] 諸跡點與航點渲於期地
- [ ] 高程圖(若含)示合理值,無極峰
- [ ] 互動圖縮、移、彈行
- [ ] 距與高程尺正標
- [ ] 出文件於目標式可觀
- [ ] 尺合交付法
## 陷
- **CRS 不合**:混 EPSG:4326(度)與投影 CRS(米)則數渲於誤位或尺誤。網圖皆轉 EPSG:4326。
- **GPS 高程噪**:GPS 高程精不如水平位。為圖宜平滑高程或用 DEM 基高程。
- **瓦服限**:速取多瓦觸免瓦服之限。本地緩瓦便重渲,守使用策。
- **跡過細**:秒記之原 GPS 跡生巨文件。網顯前先簡。
- **Leaflet 於 PDF**:Leaflet 圖不渲 PDF。印式用 tmap 或 ggplot2 含 ggspatial。
- **缺彈**:忘加 `popup = ~column_name` 則標點無信息。
## 參
- `plan-tour-route` — 生此技所視之途數
- `generate-tour-report` — 嵌視於格之遊報
- `plan-hiking-tour` — 步行視之 GPX 與高程數源
- `create-quarto-report` — Quarto 渲以嵌空視
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