Apply semantic versioning (SemVer 2.0.0) to determine the correct version bump based on change analysis. Covers major/minor/patch classification, pre-release identifiers, build metadata, and breaking change detection. Use when preparing a new release to determine the correct version number, after merging changes before tagging, evaluating whether a change constitutes a breaking change, adding pre-release identifiers, or resolving disagreement about what version bump is appropriate.
Scanned 9/3/2026
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---
name: apply-semantic-versioning
locale: wenyan-ultra
source_locale: en
source_commit: 82c77053
fence_basis_commit: 82c77053
translator: "Julius Brussee homage — caveman"
translation_date: "2026-04-19"
description: >
Apply semantic versioning (SemVer 2.0.0) to determine the correct
version bump based on change analysis. Covers major/minor/patch
classification, pre-release identifiers, build metadata, and
breaking change detection. Use when preparing a new release to determine
the correct version number, after merging changes before tagging, evaluating
whether a change constitutes a breaking change, adding pre-release identifiers,
or resolving disagreement about what version bump is appropriate.
license: MIT
allowed-tools: Read Grep Glob
metadata:
author: Philipp Thoss
version: "1.0"
domain: versioning
complexity: intermediate
language: multi
tags: versioning, semver, version-bump, breaking-changes
---
# 施 SemVer
由變析定正版升。析變、分主/次/補、算新版、更檔。循 [SemVer 2.0.0](https://semver.org/)。
## 用
- 備新發須定正版號→用
- 合變後標前→用
- 評變為破否→用
- 加預發識(alpha、beta、rc)→用
- 解版升爭→用
## 入
- **必**:項根含版檔(DESCRIPTION、package.json、Cargo.toml、pyproject.toml、或 VERSION)
- **必**:自末發以來之 git 史
- **可**:用之提例(規範提交、自由)
- **可**:欲加預發標
- **可**:前版若不可自檔讀
## 行
### 一:讀今版
於項根尋讀版檔。
```bash
# R packages
grep "^Version:" DESCRIPTION
# Node.js
grep '"version"' package.json
# Rust
grep '^version' Cargo.toml
# Python
grep 'version' pyproject.toml
# Plain file
cat VERSION
```
析今版為 major.minor.patch。版含預發後綴(如 `1.2.0-beta.1`)→獨記。
得:今版識為 `MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH[-PRERELEASE]`。
敗:無版檔→察 VERSION 或 git 標(`git describe --tags --abbrev=0`)。全無版→初發用 `0.1.0`,穩公 API 用 `1.0.0`。
### 二:析末發以來之變
取自末標以來諸變。
```bash
# Find the last version tag
git describe --tags --abbrev=0
# List commits since that tag
git log --oneline v1.2.3..HEAD
# If using Conventional Commits, filter by type
git log --oneline v1.2.3..HEAD | grep -E "^[a-f0-9]+ (feat|fix|BREAKING)"
```
無標→比於初提或知基。
得:諸提附訊可分變類。
敗:git 史不可達或標缺→請開發者述變。按述分。
### 三:分變
施 SemVer 分律:
| Change Type | Version Bump | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| **Breaking** (incompatible API change) | MAJOR | Renamed/removed public function, changed return type, removed parameter, changed default behavior |
| **Feature** (new backwards-compatible functionality) | MINOR | New exported function, new parameter with default, new file format support |
| **Fix** (backwards-compatible bug fix) | PATCH | Bug fix, documentation correction, performance improvement with same API |
分律:
1. 任變為破→升 MAJOR(次與補歸零)
2. 無破而任新功→升 MINOR(補歸零)
3. 唯修→升 PATCH
特例:
- **<1.0.0**:初發(`0.x.y`)次升或含破。明文
- **棄用**:棄函(仍行)為 MINOR。去之為 MAJOR
- **內變**:不改公 API 之重構為 PATCH
得:各變分為破/功/修,全升階定。
敗:變含糊→傾高升。保守主升勝破下游碼之次升。
### 四:算新版
施升於今版:
| Current | Bump | New Version |
|---|---|---|
| 1.2.3 | MAJOR | 2.0.0 |
| 1.2.3 | MINOR | 1.3.0 |
| 1.2.3 | PATCH | 1.2.4 |
| 0.9.5 | MINOR | 0.10.0 |
| 2.0.0-rc.1 | (release) | 2.0.0 |
請預發標:
- `1.3.0-alpha.1` 為將 1.3.0 之首 alpha
- `1.3.0-beta.1` 為首 beta
- `1.3.0-rc.1` 為首發候
預發序:`alpha < beta < rc < (發)`。
得:新版號循 SemVer 算。
敗:今版形誤或非 SemVer→先正規。如 `1.2` 為 `1.2.0`。
### 五:更版檔
書新版於相關檔。
```r
# R: Update DESCRIPTION
# Change "Version: 1.2.3" to "Version: 1.3.0"
```
```json
// Node.js: Update package.json
// Change "version": "1.2.3" to "version": "1.3.0"
// Also update package-lock.json if present
```
```toml
# Rust: Update Cargo.toml
# Change version = "1.2.3" to version = "1.3.0"
```
項有多檔涉版(如 `_pkgdown.yml`、`CITATION`、`codemeta.json`)→皆更。
得:諸版檔一致更為新版號。
敗:檔更敗→撤諸變保一致。永勿留版檔半更態。
### 六:建版標
提版升後建 git 標。
```bash
# Annotated tag (preferred)
git tag -a v1.3.0 -m "Release v1.3.0"
# Lightweight tag (acceptable)
git tag v1.3.0
```
用項標例:
- `v1.3.0`(最常)
- `1.3.0`(無前綴)
- `package-name@1.3.0`(單庫多項)
得:git 標配新版。
敗:標已存→版未正升。以 `git tag -l "v1.3*"` 察重標解之再進。
## 驗
- [ ] 今版自正版檔讀
- [ ] 末發以來諸提皆析
- [ ] 各變分為破、功、修
- [ ] 升階配最高嚴變(破 > 功 > 修)
- [ ] 新版循 SemVer 2.0.0 式:`MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH[-PRERELEASE][+BUILD]`
- [ ] 項諸版檔一致更
- [ ] 無版跳(如 1.2.3 至 1.4.0 而 1.3.0 未發)
- [ ] git 標配新版與項標式
- [ ] 預發後綴若用循正序(alpha < beta < rc)
## 忌
- **跳次版**:自 1.2.3 直至 1.4.0「以加二功」。各發一升;功數不定版
- **棄用為破**:棄函(加警)為次。唯去為破
- **忘 <1.0.0 律**:1.0.0 前 API 視為不穩。某項此期次升或破,當文
- **版檔不一致**:更 package.json 而非 package-lock.json,或更 DESCRIPTION 而非 CITATION。諸版引須同
- **建元混**:建元(`+build.123`)不影版序。`1.0.0+build.1` 與 `1.0.0+build.2` 同序
- **不標發**:無 git 標,後版升不能定變析基
## 參
- `manage-changelog` —— 維變誌條與版升配
- `plan-release-cycle` —— 計發里程定何時版升
- `release-package-version` —— R 專發流含版升
- `commit-changes` —— 以正訊提版升
- `create-github-release` —— 自版標建 GitHub 發
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