Apply semantic versioning (SemVer 2.0.0) to determine the correct version bump based on change analysis. Covers major/minor/patch classification, pre-release identifiers, build metadata, and breaking change detection. Use when preparing a new release to determine the correct version number, after merging changes before tagging, evaluating whether a change constitutes a breaking change, adding pre-release identifiers, or resolving disagreement about what version bump is appropriate.
Scanned 9/3/2026
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---
name: apply-semantic-versioning
locale: wenyan
source_locale: en
source_commit: 82c77053
fence_basis_commit: 82c77053
translator: "Julius Brussee homage — caveman"
translation_date: "2026-04-19"
description: >
Apply semantic versioning (SemVer 2.0.0) to determine the correct
version bump based on change analysis. Covers major/minor/patch
classification, pre-release identifiers, build metadata, and
breaking change detection. Use when preparing a new release to determine
the correct version number, after merging changes before tagging, evaluating
whether a change constitutes a breaking change, adding pre-release identifiers,
or resolving disagreement about what version bump is appropriate.
license: MIT
allowed-tools: Read Grep Glob
metadata:
author: Philipp Thoss
version: "1.0"
domain: versioning
complexity: intermediate
language: multi
tags: versioning, semver, version-bump, breaking-changes
---
# 施語義版控
依變析定正版升。此技讀版檔、分變為破(主)、功(次)、修(補)、算新版、更諸檔。循 [SemVer 2.0.0](https://semver.org/) 規。
## 用時
- 備新發而須定正版乃用
- 合變後、標前乃用
- 察變為破否乃用
- 加預發標(alpha、beta、rc)乃用
- 解何升宜之爭乃用
## 入
- **必要**:含版檔(DESCRIPTION、package.json、Cargo.toml、pyproject.toml、或 VERSION)之項根
- **必要**:上發後之 git 史(標或提交)
- **可選**:用之提交約(Conventional Commits、自由式)
- **可選**:將施之預發標(alpha、beta、rc)
- **可選**:若檔不可讀則前版
## 法
### 第一步:讀當前版
覓項根之版檔而讀之。
```bash
# R packages
grep "^Version:" DESCRIPTION
# Node.js
grep '"version"' package.json
# Rust
grep '^version' Cargo.toml
# Python
grep 'version' pyproject.toml
# Plain file
cat VERSION
```
析當前版為 major.minor.patch 諸分。若版含預發後綴(如 `1.2.0-beta.1`),別記。
**得:** 當前版識為 `MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH[-PRERELEASE]`。
**敗則:** 若無版檔,察 VERSION 或 git 標(`git describe --tags --abbrev=0`)。若全無版,初發以 `0.1.0` 始,若項有穩之公 API 則以 `1.0.0` 始。
### 第二步:析上發後之變
取上標發後諸變。
```bash
# Find the last version tag
git describe --tags --abbrev=0
# List commits since that tag
git log --oneline v1.2.3..HEAD
# If using Conventional Commits, filter by type
git log --oneline v1.2.3..HEAD | grep -E "^[a-f0-9]+ (feat|fix|BREAKING)"
```
若無標,對初提交或已知基線比。
**得:** 可按變類分之提交列。
**敗則:** 若 git 史不可得或標闕,請開發手述變。依其述分類。
### 第三步:分變
施 SemVer 分類則:
| Change Type | Version Bump | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| **Breaking** (incompatible API change) | MAJOR | Renamed/removed public function, changed return type, removed parameter, changed default behavior |
| **Feature** (new backwards-compatible functionality) | MINOR | New exported function, new parameter with default, new file format support |
| **Fix** (backwards-compatible bug fix) | PATCH | Bug fix, documentation correction, performance improvement with same API |
分類則:
1. 若任一變破,升為 MAJOR(重次與補為零)
2. 若無破而任新功,升為 MINOR(重補為零)
3. 若僅修,升為 PATCH
特例:
- **1.0.0 前**:初發中(`0.x.y`),次升可含破。明書
- **棄用**:棄函乃次變(仍行)。除之為主
- **內變**:重構而不變公 API 乃補
**得:** 諸變分為破/功/修而升級定。
**敗則:** 若變歧,偏高升。保守主升勝於破下游之次升。
### 第四步:算新版
施升於當前版:
| Current | Bump | New Version |
|---|---|---|
| 1.2.3 | MAJOR | 2.0.0 |
| 1.2.3 | MINOR | 1.3.0 |
| 1.2.3 | PATCH | 1.2.4 |
| 0.9.5 | MINOR | 0.10.0 |
| 2.0.0-rc.1 | (release) | 2.0.0 |
若請預發標:
- `1.3.0-alpha.1` 為將至 1.3.0 之首 alpha
- `1.3.0-beta.1` 為首 beta
- `1.3.0-rc.1` 為首 rc
預發先後:`alpha < beta < rc < (release)`。
**得:** 新版依 SemVer 則算。
**敗則:** 若當前版不合式或非 SemVer,先歸一。如 `1.2` 為 `1.2.0`。
### 第五步:更版檔
書新版於宜檔。
```r
# R: Update DESCRIPTION
# Change "Version: 1.2.3" to "Version: 1.3.0"
```
```json
// Node.js: Update package.json
// Change "version": "1.2.3" to "version": "1.3.0"
// Also update package-lock.json if present
```
```toml
# Rust: Update Cargo.toml
# Change version = "1.2.3" to version = "1.3.0"
```
若項有多檔引版(如 `_pkgdown.yml`、`CITATION`、`codemeta.json`),皆更。
**得:** 諸版檔一致更至新版。
**敗則:** 若某檔更敗,撤諸變守一致。勿留版檔於半更之狀。
### 第六步:建版標
更版提交後,建 git 標。
```bash
# Annotated tag (preferred)
git tag -a v1.3.0 -m "Release v1.3.0"
# Lightweight tag (acceptable)
git tag v1.3.0
```
循項既立標式:
- `v1.3.0`(最常)
- `1.3.0`(無前綴)
- `package-name@1.3.0`(monorepo)
**得:** git 標合新版。
**敗則:** 若標已存,版未正升。以 `git tag -l "v1.3*"` 察重標解之而進。
## 驗
- [ ] 當前版自正版檔讀
- [ ] 上發後諸提交皆析
- [ ] 每變分為破、功、或修
- [ ] 升級合最重變(破 > 功 > 修)
- [ ] 新版循 SemVer 2.0.0 式:`MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH[-PRERELEASE][+BUILD]`
- [ ] 項中諸版檔一致更
- [ ] 無版跳(如 1.2.3 直至 1.4.0 而 1.3.0 未發)
- [ ] git 標合新版與項約
- [ ] 預發後綴若用,循正先後(alpha < beta < rc)
## 陷
- **跳次**:自 1.2.3 直至 1.4.0 因「加二功」。每發一升;功數非定版
- **視棄用為破**:棄函(加警)乃次變。僅除之為破
- **忘 1.0.0 前則**:1.0.0 前,API 視不穩。諸項於此階以次升破變,然當書
- **版檔不一**:更 package.json 而不更 package-lock.json、或更 DESCRIPTION 而不更 CITATION。諸版引須同步
- **建元混**:建元(`+build.123`)不影版先後。`1.0.0+build.1` 與 `1.0.0+build.2` 先後同
- **不標發**:無 git 標,後升不能定變析之基
## 參
- `manage-changelog` — 守配版升之更記
- `plan-release-cycle` — 謀發里程以定何時升
- `release-package-version` — R 特之發流含版升
- `commit-changes` — 以正辭提交版升
- `create-github-release` — 自版標建 GitHub 發
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