Performing Service Account Audit

---
name: performing-service-account-audit
description: Use when auditing service accounts across enterprise infrastructure to
  identify orphaned, over-privileged, and non-compliant accounts. This skill covers
  discovery of service accounts in Active Directory, cloud pl
domain: cybersecurity
subdomain: identity-access-management
tags:
- iam
- identity
- access-control
- service-accounts
- audit
- governance
version: '1.0'
author: oyi77
license: Apache-2.0
nist_csf:
- PR.AA-01
- PR.AA-02
- PR.AA-05
- PR.AA-06
category: cybersecurity
---

# Performing Service Account Audit

## Overview
Audit service accounts across enterprise infrastructure to identify orphaned, over-privileged, and non-compliant accounts. This skill covers discovery of service accounts in Active Directory, cloud platforms, databases, and applications, assessing privilege levels, identifying missing owners, and enforcing lifecycle policies.



## Anti-Rationalization Table

| Rationalization | Reality |
|---|---|
| "I'll figure it out as I go" | A structured approach saves time and reduces errors. Follow the workflow in this skill rather than improvising. |
| "I already know this topic" | Familiarity breeds shortcuts. Use the checklist to verify you haven't missed critical steps. |
| "This doesn't apply to my situation" | The patterns here generalize across contexts. Adapt, don't skip — the underlying principles hold. |
| "One more tool will fix it" | Adding complexity rarely solves process gaps. Master the core workflow first. |

## When to Use
**Trigger phrases:**
- "performing service account audit"
- "Audit service accounts across enterprise infrastructure to identify orphaned, ov"


- When conducting security assessments that involve performing service account audit
- When following incident response procedures for related security events
- When performing scheduled security testing or auditing activities
- When validating security controls through hands-on testing

## Prerequisites

- Familiarity with identity access management concepts and tools
- Access to a test or lab environment for safe execution
- Python 3.8+ with required dependencies installed
- Appropriate authorization for any testing activities

## Objectives
- Discover all service accounts across AD, cloud, databases, and applications
- Identify orphaned accounts with no valid owner or associated application
- Assess privilege levels and flag over-privileged service accounts
- Check for non-rotating passwords and weak authentication
- Map service account dependencies for safe remediation
- Generate compliance reports for SOX, PCI DSS, and HIPAA audits

## Key Concepts

This section covers key concepts for performing service account audit.

- Ensure all prerequisites are met before proceeding
- Follow the documented workflow steps in sequence
- Record results and any anomalies encountered during this phase
### Service Account Types
1. **AD Service Accounts**: Windows services, scheduled tasks, IIS app pools
2. **Managed Service Accounts (gMSA)**: AD-managed automatic password rotation
3. **Cloud IAM Service Accounts**: AWS IAM roles/users, Azure service principals, GCP service accounts
4. **Database Service Accounts**: Application connection accounts, replication accounts
5. **Application Service Accounts**: API keys, bot accounts, integration accounts

### Audit Dimensions
- **Ownership**: Who is responsible for this account?
- **Purpose**: What application/service uses this account?
- **Privileges**: What permissions does this account have?
- **Authentication**: How does this account authenticate (password, key, certificate)?
- **Rotation**: When was the credential last changed?
- **Activity**: When was this account last used?

## Workflow

```python
# Example: IOC detection
import re

IOC_PATTERNS = {
    "ip": r"\b(?:\d{1,3}\.){3}\d{1,3}\b",
    "domain": r"\b[a-z0-9-]+\.[a-z]{2,}\b",
    "hash_md5": r"\b[a-f0-9]{32}\b",
    "hash_sha256": r"\b[a-f0-9]{64}\b",
}

def extract_iocs(text: str) -> dict:
    return {k: re.findall(v, text) for k, v in IOC_PATTERNS.items()}
```

1. **Scope the task** — define objectives, boundaries, and success criteria
2. **Gather information** — collect all necessary data and context before proceeding
3. **Execute the core workflow** — follow the domain-specific steps methodically
4. **Validate results** — verify outputs against expected outcomes or baselines
5. **Document findings** — record results, anomalies, and recommendations
### Step 1: Discovery - Active Directory
1. Query AD for all service accounts (filter by description, OU, naming convention)
2. Identify accounts with `ServicePrincipalName` set
3. List accounts in privileged groups (Domain Admins, Enterprise Admins)
4. Check for gMSA vs traditional service accounts
5. Identify accounts with `PasswordNeverExpires` flag

### Step 2: Discovery - Cloud Platforms
- **AWS**: List IAM users with access keys, check last used date, identify unused roles
- **Azure**: Enumerate service principals, app registrations, managed identities
- **GCP**: List service accounts, check key age, identify unused permissions

### Step 3: Assessment
- Flag accounts with admin/privileged group membership
- Check password age against rotation policy (90 days max)
- Identify accounts with no login activity in 90+ days
- Verify account ownership against CMDB/asset inventory
- Check for shared credentials (same password hash across accounts)

### Step 4: Risk Classification
- **Critical**: Domain/cloud admin privileges, no password rotation
- **High**: Access to sensitive data, no identified owner
- **Medium**: Standard service permissions, password older than 90 days
- **Low**: Read-only access, managed credentials (gMSA, managed identity)

### Step 5: Remediation
- Disable orphaned accounts after validation with application teams
- Convert traditional service accounts to gMSA where possible
- Rotate credentials older than policy threshold
- Reduce privileges to minimum required
- Assign owners and document dependencies

## Security Controls
| Control | NIST 800-53 | Description |
|---------|-------------|-------------|
| Account Management | AC-2 | Service account lifecycle |
| Account Review | AC-2(3) | Periodic review of accounts |
| Least Privilege | AC-6 | Minimum service account permissions |
| Authenticator Management | IA-5 | Service credential rotation |
| Audit Review | AU-6 | Review service account activity |

## Common Pitfalls
- Disabling service accounts without verifying application dependencies first
- Not discovering service accounts outside of Active Directory
- Missing cloud service principals and managed identities
- Not checking for interactive logon rights on service accounts
- Failing to document dependencies before remediation

## Verification
- [ ] Service accounts inventoried across all platforms
- [ ] Each account has assigned owner
- [ ] Privileged service accounts documented with justification
- [ ] Password rotation compliance checked
- [ ] Orphaned accounts flagged for remediation
- [ ] gMSA migration candidates identified
- [ ] Compliance report generated
## When NOT to Use

- You don't have explicit written authorization to test
- Task is about defense/detection, not offense (use detection skills)
- You need to implement security controls (use implementing-* skills)
- Task requires compliance auditing (use auditing-* skills)
- You're investigating an incident (use incident response skills)
- Target is out of scope for your engagement
- Task is about vulnerability scanning only (use scanning tools)


## Red Flags

- Performing actions without explicit written authorization from the asset owner
- Testing against production systems without a defined scope and rules of engagement
- Treating compliance checklists as security guarantees rather than minimum baselines
- Failing to document exceptions and risk acceptance decisions
- Relying on point-in-time audits instead of continuous monitoring

## Process

1. Analyze the task requirements
2. Apply domain expertise
3. Verify output quality