Performing Agentless Vulnerability Scanning

---
name: performing-agentless-vulnerability-scanning
description: Use when configure and execute agentless vulnerability scanning using
  network protocols, cloud snapshot analysis, and API-based discovery to assess systems
  without installing endpoint agents. Use when configureing and execute agentless
  vulnerability scanning using network protocols, cloud.
domain: cybersecurity
subdomain: vulnerability-management
tags:
- agentless-scanning
- vulnerability-assessment
- cloud-security
- ssh
- wmi
- snapshot-analysis
- vuls
- tenable
version: '1.0'
author: oyi77
license: Apache-2.0
nist_ai_rmf:
- GOVERN-1.1
- MEASURE-2.7
- MANAGE-3.1
nist_csf:
- ID.RA-01
- ID.RA-02
- ID.IM-02
- ID.RA-06
category: cybersecurity
---

# Performing Agentless Vulnerability Scanning

## Overview
Agentless vulnerability scanning assesses systems for security weaknesses without requiring endpoint agent installation. This approach leverages existing network protocols (SSH for Linux, WMI for Windows), cloud provider APIs for snapshot-based analysis, and authenticated remote checks. Modern cloud platforms like Microsoft Defender for Cloud, Wiz, Datadog, and Tenable perform out-of-band analysis by taking disk snapshots and examining OS configurations and installed packages offline. The open-source tool Vuls provides agentless scanning based on NVD and OVAL data for Linux/FreeBSD systems. This skill covers configuring agentless scans across on-premises, cloud, and containerized environments.



## Anti-Rationalization Table

| Rationalization | Reality |
|---|---|
| "I'll figure it out as I go" | A structured approach saves time and reduces errors. Follow the workflow in this skill rather than improvising. |
| "I already know this topic" | Familiarity breeds shortcuts. Use the checklist to verify you haven't missed critical steps. |
| "This doesn't apply to my situation" | The patterns here generalize across contexts. Adapt, don't skip — the underlying principles hold. |
| "One more tool will fix it" | Adding complexity rarely solves process gaps. Master the core workflow first. |

## When to Use
**Trigger phrases:**
- "performing agentless vulnerability scanning"
- "Configure and execute agentless vulnerability scanning using network protocols, "


- When conducting security assessments that involve performing agentless vulnerability scanning
- When following incident response procedures for related security events
- When performing scheduled security testing or auditing activities
- When validating security controls through hands-on testing

## Prerequisites
- SSH key-based authentication configured on Linux/Unix targets
- WMI/WinRM access on Windows targets with appropriate credentials
- Cloud provider API credentials (AWS IAM, Azure RBAC, GCP IAM)
- Network access from scanner to target systems on required ports
- Service account with read-only access to target system configurations
- Python 3.8+ for custom scanning automation

## Core Concepts

This section covers core concepts for performing agentless vulnerability scanning.

- Ensure all prerequisites are met before proceeding
- Follow the documented workflow steps in sequence
- Record results and any anomalies encountered during this phase
### Agentless vs Agent-Based Scanning

| Aspect | Agentless | Agent-Based |
|--------|-----------|-------------|
| Deployment | No software installation needed | Agent install on every endpoint |
| Network dependency | Requires network connectivity | Works offline with cloud sync |
| Performance impact | Minimal on target systems | Light continuous overhead |
| Coverage depth | Depends on protocol/credentials | Deep local access |
| Cloud snapshot analysis | Native capability | Not applicable |
| Ideal for | Cloud VMs, IoT, legacy systems, OT | Managed endpoints, laptops |

### Agentless Scanning Methods

| Method | Protocol | Target OS | Port | Use Case |
|--------|----------|-----------|------|----------|
| SSH Remote Commands | SSH | Linux/Unix | 22 | Package enumeration, config audit |
| WMI Remote Query | WMI/DCOM | Windows | 135, 445 | Hotfix enumeration, registry checks |
| WinRM PowerShell | WS-Man | Windows | 5985/5986 | Remote command execution |
| SNMP Community | SNMP v2c/v3 | Network devices | 161 | Device fingerprinting, firmware check |
| Cloud Snapshot | Provider API | Cloud VMs | N/A | Disk image analysis |
| Container Registry | HTTPS | Container images | 443 | Image vulnerability scanning |
| API-Based | REST/HTTPS | SaaS/Cloud | 443 | Configuration assessment |

### Cloud Snapshot Analysis Flow
```
1. Scanner requests disk snapshot via cloud API
2. Cloud provider creates snapshot of VM root + data disks
3. Scanner mounts snapshot in isolated analysis environment
4. Scanner examines OS packages, configurations, file system
5. Snapshot is deleted after analysis (no persistent copies)
6. Results sent to central management console
```

## Workflow

1. **Inventory cloud assets** — enumerate services, roles, and configurations in scope
2. **Assess configurations** — check against security best practices and CIS benchmarks
3. **Test access controls** — verify IAM policies, network ACLs, and security group rules
4. **Validate logging** — ensure audit trails are enabled and properly retained
5. **Document and remediate** — report findings with specific configuration changes needed
### Step 1: SSH-Based Agentless Scanning (Linux)

```bash
# Create dedicated scan SSH key pair
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -f /opt/scanner/.ssh/scan_key -N "" \
  -C "vuln-scanner@security.local"

# Deploy public key to targets via Ansible
# ansible-playbook deploy_scan_key.yml

# Test connectivity to target
ssh -i /opt/scanner/.ssh/scan_key -o ConnectTimeout=10 \
  scanner@target-host "cat /etc/os-release && dpkg -l 2>/dev/null || rpm -qa"
```

```python
import paramiko
import json

class AgentlessLinuxScanner:
    """SSH-based agentless vulnerability scanner for Linux systems."""

    def __init__(self, key_path):
        self.key_path = key_path

    def connect(self, hostname, username="scanner", port=22):
        """Establish SSH connection to target."""
        client = paramiko.SSHClient()
        client.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
        key = paramiko.Ed25519Key.from_private_key_file(self.key_path)
        client.connect(hostname, port=port, username=username, pkey=key,
                       timeout=30, banner_timeout=30)
        return client

    def get_os_info(self, client):
        """Detect OS type and version."""
        _, stdout, _ = client.exec_command("cat /etc/os-release", timeout=10)
        os_release = stdout.read().decode()
        info = {}
        for line in os_release.strip().split("\n"):
            if "=" in line:
                key, val = line.split("=", 1)
                info[key] = val.strip('"')
        return info

    def get_installed_packages(self, client):
        """Enumerate installed packages."""
        # Try dpkg (Debian/Ubuntu)
        _, stdout, _ = client.exec_command(
            "dpkg-query -W -f='${Package}|${Version}|${Architecture}\\n'",
            timeout=30
        )
        output = stdout.read().decode().strip()
        if output:
            packages = []
            for line in output.split("\n"):
                parts = line.split("|")
                if len(parts) >= 2:
                    packages.append({
                        "name": parts[0],
                        "version": parts[1],
                        "arch": parts[2] if len(parts) > 2 else "",
                        "manager": "dpkg"
                    })
            return packages

        # Try rpm (RHEL/CentOS/Fedora)
        _, stdout, _ = client.exec_command(
            "rpm -qa --queryformat '%{NAME}|%{VERSION}-%{RELEASE}|%{ARCH}\\n'",
            timeout=30
        )
        output = stdout.read().decode().strip()
        packages = []
        for line in output.split("\n"):
            parts = line.split("|")
            if len(parts) >= 2:
                packages.append({
                    "name": parts[0],
                    "version": parts[1],
                    "arch": parts[2] if len(parts) > 2 else "",
                    "manager": "rpm"
                })
        return packages

    def check_kernel_version(self, client):
        """Get running kernel version."""
        _, stdout, _ = client.exec_command("uname -r", timeout=10)
        return stdout.read().decode().strip()

    def check_listening_ports(self, client):
        """Enumerate listening network services."""
        _, stdout, _ = client.exec_command(
            "ss -tlnp 2>/dev/null || netstat -tlnp 2>/dev/null",
            timeout=10
        )
        return stdout.read().decode().strip()

    def scan_host(self, hostname, username="scanner"):
        """Perform full agentless scan of a host."""
        print(f"[*] Scanning {hostname}...")
        client = self.connect(hostname, username)

        result = {
            "hostname": hostname,
            "os_info": self.get_os_info(client),
            "kernel": self.check_kernel_version(client),
            "packages": self.get_installed_packages(client),
            "listening_ports": self.check_listening_ports(client),
        }

        client.close()
        print(f"  [+] Found {len(result['packages'])} packages on {hostname}")
        return result
```

### Step 2: WinRM-Based Agentless Scanning (Windows)

```python
import winrm

class AgentlessWindowsScanner:
    """WinRM-based agentless vulnerability scanner for Windows."""

    def __init__(self, username, password, domain=None):
        self.username = username
        self.password = password
        self.domain = domain

    def connect(self, hostname, use_ssl=True):
        """Create WinRM session."""
        port = 5986 if use_ssl else 5985
        transport = "ntlm"
        user = f"{self.domain}\\{self.username}" if self.domain else self.username
        session = winrm.Session(
            f"{'https' if use_ssl else 'http'}://{hostname}:{port}/wsman",
            auth=(user, self.password),
            transport=transport,
            server_cert_validation="ignore"
        )
        return session

    def get_installed_hotfixes(self, session):
        """Get installed Windows updates/hotfixes."""
        cmd = "Get-HotFix | Select-Object HotFixID,InstalledOn,Description | ConvertTo-Json"
        result = session.run_ps(cmd)
        if result.status_code == 0:
            return json.loads(result.std_out.decode())
        return []

    def get_installed_software(self, session):
        """Enumerate installed software from registry."""
        cmd = """
        $paths = @(
            'HKLM:\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Uninstall\\*',
            'HKLM:\\SOFTWARE\\WOW6432Node\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Uninstall\\*'
        )
        Get-ItemProperty $paths -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue |
            Where-Object {$_.DisplayName} |
            Select-Object DisplayName, DisplayVersion, Publisher |
            ConvertTo-Json
        """
        result = session.run_ps(cmd)
        if result.status_code == 0:
            return json.loads(result.std_out.decode())
        return []

    def get_os_info(self, session):
        """Get Windows OS details."""
        cmd = "Get-CimInstance Win32_OperatingSystem | Select-Object Caption,Version,BuildNumber,OSArchitecture | ConvertTo-Json"
        result = session.run_ps(cmd)
        if result.status_code == 0:
            return json.loads(result.std_out.decode())
        return {}

    def scan_host(self, hostname):
        """Perform full agentless scan of Windows host."""
        print(f"[*] Scanning {hostname} via WinRM...")
        session = self.connect(hostname)

        result = {
            "hostname": hostname,
            "os_info": self.get_os_info(session),
            "hotfixes": self.get_installed_hotfixes(session),
            "software": self.get_installed_software(session),
        }

        print(f"  [+] Found {len(result['hotfixes'])} hotfixes, "
              f"{len(result['software'])} software entries")
        return result
```

### Step 3: Cloud Snapshot Scanning (AWS)

```python
import boto3
import time

class AWSSnapshotScanner:
    """AWS EC2 agentless snapshot-based vulnerability scanner."""

    def __init__(self, region="us-east-1"):
        self.ec2 = boto3.client("ec2", region_name=region)

    def create_snapshot(self, volume_id, description="Security scan snapshot"):
        """Create EBS snapshot for analysis."""
        snapshot = self.ec2.create_snapshot(
            VolumeId=volume_id,
            Description=description,
            TagSpecifications=[{
                "ResourceType": "snapshot",
                "Tags": [
                    {"Key": "Purpose", "Value": "VulnScan"},
                    {"Key": "AutoDelete", "Value": "true"},
                ]
            }]
        )
        snapshot_id = snapshot["SnapshotId"]
        print(f"  [*] Creating snapshot {snapshot_id} from {volume_id}...")

        waiter = self.ec2.get_waiter("snapshot_completed")
        waiter.wait(SnapshotIds=[snapshot_id])
        print(f"  [+] Snapshot {snapshot_id} ready")
        return snapshot_id

    def delete_snapshot(self, snapshot_id):
        """Clean up snapshot after analysis."""
        self.ec2.delete_snapshot(SnapshotId=snapshot_id)
        print(f"  [+] Deleted snapshot {snapshot_id}")

    def scan_instance(self, instance_id):
        """Scan an EC2 instance via snapshot analysis."""
        print(f"[*] Agentless scan of instance {instance_id}")

        instance = self.ec2.describe_instances(
            InstanceIds=[instance_id]
        )["Reservations"][0]["Instances"][0]

        root_volume = None
        for bdm in instance.get("BlockDeviceMappings", []):
            if bdm["DeviceName"] == instance.get("RootDeviceName"):
                root_volume = bdm["Ebs"]["VolumeId"]
                break

        if not root_volume:
            print("  [!] No root volume found")
            return None

        snapshot_id = self.create_snapshot(root_volume)
        try:
            # Analysis would be performed here
            # Mount snapshot, examine packages, check configs
            result = {
                "instance_id": instance_id,
                "snapshot_id": snapshot_id,
                "root_volume": root_volume,
                "platform": instance.get("Platform", "linux"),
                "state": instance["State"]["Name"],
            }
            return result
        finally:
            self.delete_snapshot(snapshot_id)
```

### Step 4: Vuls Open-Source Agentless Scanner

```toml
# /etc/vuls/config.toml - Vuls configuration for agentless scanning

[servers]

[servers.web-server-01]
host = "192.168.1.10"
port = "22"
user = "vuls"
keyPath = "/opt/vuls/.ssh/scan_key"
scanMode = ["fast"]

[servers.db-server-01]
host = "192.168.1.20"
port = "22"
user = "vuls"
keyPath = "/opt/vuls/.ssh/scan_key"
scanMode = ["fast-root"]
[servers.db-server-01.optional]
  [servers.db-server-01.optional.sudo]
    password = ""

[servers.container-host-01]
host = "192.168.1.30"
port = "22"
user = "vuls"
keyPath = "/opt/vuls/.ssh/scan_key"
scanMode = ["fast"]
containersIncluded = ["${running}"]
```

```bash
# Run Vuls agentless scan
vuls scan

# Generate report
vuls report -format-json -to-localfile

# View results
vuls tui
```

## Best Practices
1. Use SSH key-based authentication instead of passwords for Linux scanning
2. Create dedicated service accounts with minimal read-only privileges for scanning
3. Always clean up cloud snapshots after analysis to avoid storage costs and data exposure
4. Combine agentless scanning with agent-based for comprehensive coverage
5. Schedule scans during low-activity periods to minimize any performance impact
6. Rotate scanning credentials regularly and store in a secrets vault
7. Test scanner connectivity before scheduling production scans
8. Use SNMPv3 with authentication and encryption for network device scanning

## Common Pitfalls
- Using shared credentials across multiple environments without proper segmentation
- Not cleaning up temporary snapshots in cloud environments
- Assuming agentless scanning has zero performance impact (network and CPU are used)
- Missing WinRM/SSH firewall rules causing scan failures on new deployments
- Not accounting for SSH host key changes causing authentication failures
- Scanning OT/ICS devices with protocols they cannot safely handle

## Related Skills
- implementing-rapid7-insightvm-for-scanning
- implementing-wazuh-for-vulnerability-detection
- deploying-osquery-for-endpoint-monitoring
- performing-remediation-validation-scanning
## When NOT to Use

- You don't have explicit written authorization to test
- Task is about defense/detection, not offense (use detection skills)
- You need to implement security controls (use implementing-* skills)
- Task requires compliance auditing (use auditing-* skills)
- You're investigating an incident (use incident response skills)
- Target is out of scope for your engagement
- Task is about vulnerability scanning only (use scanning tools)


## Red Flags

- Performing actions without explicit written authorization from the asset owner
- Testing against production systems without a defined scope and rules of engagement
- Capturing traffic on networks without authorization or privacy considerations
- Leaving packet captures containing sensitive data unencrypted on disk
- Deploying inline blocking rules without testing for false positives first
## Verification

- All steps executed successfully against a test environment before production use
- Output documented with screenshots or logs demonstrating expected behavior
- Captures verified as complete with no dropped packets
- Detection rules tested against known-benign traffic for false positive rate
- Alert thresholds validated and tuned to reduce noise

## Process

1. Analyze the task requirements
2. Apply domain expertise
3. Verify output quality