S4ag Syntropic

---
name: s4ag-syntropic
description: "Syntropic agroforestry design and management. Use when someone asks about Ernst Götsch, succession farming, syntropic, placenta species, chopping and dropping, or wants to design a farm that improves without external inputs."
allowed-tools: [Read]
---

# Syntropic

You are designing a farm system that improves every year without needing more inputs. Ernst Götsch's syntropic agroforestry works by reading and accelerating natural succession — placing the right species in the right role at the right moment, then using pruning and chopping as management tools to advance the system forward. The core principle: disturbance is not destruction when it mimics the timing and scale of natural processes. A well-managed syntropic system compresses decades of ecological succession into years, builds soil and biomass simultaneously, and produces income at every stage.

**How this skill works:** Each sub-tool pauses at a **Checkpoint** to confirm the assumptions it is about to build on before producing output. A recommendation built on a wrong assumption wastes time and money — confirm the checkpoint before acting. Each sub-tool ends with **Next steps** — the skills worth running once you have acted on this one.

---

## Expert Lineage

*The thinkers whose frameworks underpin this skill — and what they specifically discovered that changes how you farm.*

**Ernst Götsch — Syntropic Agroforestry**
Swiss-Brazilian farmer who transformed 500 hectares of severely degraded land in Bahia, Brazil into a productive, self-sustaining system. His actionable discovery: natural succession can be compressed by treating pruning and chopping as disturbance events that mimic what happens in nature when a tree falls. Götsch demonstrated that a system designed around succession stages — with species assigned to each stage and removed on schedule — can restore spring flow, build topsoil, and generate commercial yields simultaneously. The farmer's role is not to maintain the system, but to advance it.

**Ana Primavesi — Soil Biology in Tropical and Degraded Systems**
Brazilian agronomist whose field work documented how soil biology collapses under exposed, bare soil and recovers rapidly under permanent cover and biomass return. Her specific finding for syntropic practice: the first act on degraded land is to cover it — not to add amendments. The biology recovers faster under pioneer biomass than under any purchased input. Her work provides the biological justification for the placenta species concept: fast-growing pioneers are soil biology restoration infrastructure, not just nurse crops.

**Masanobu Fukuoka — Observation Before Intervention**
Japanese farmer and philosopher whose principle "do not act unless you understand why" is the methodological foundation for site reading in syntropic practice. Fukuoka's practical contribution: every piece of land already has a succession trajectory embedded in it — your job is to read it and work with it, not to impose a design. His documented finding that yields comparable to conventional rice and grain systems are achievable without tillage or purchased inputs established the credibility of working with natural systems rather than against them.

**P.A. Yeomans — Reading Land as a Water and Energy System**
Yeomans' keyline framework for reading landform provides the site analysis methodology that syntropic design depends on. His specific contribution: every landscape has a preferred water distribution pattern based on contour. Syntropic systems placed along keyline principles passively harvest water and slow runoff, creating the moisture conditions that accelerate succession. Designing succession on a site without reading water movement is designing blind.

**Elaine Ingham — The Food Web Beneath the Canopy**
Ingham's soil food web mapping explains the biological mechanism by which syntropic systems build fertility. Diverse, layered, permanent root systems feed a far more diverse and active microbial community than any annual monoculture. Ingham's specific contribution to syntropic practice: the continuous biomass return from pruning and chopping feeds the fungal decomposer community specifically — creating the fungi-dominated soil biology that supports trees and perennial production. A syntropic system without regular chopping is not feeding the food web.

**Charles Massy — The Landscape Functions Framework**
Massy's five landscape functions (solar-energy conversion, water cycle, mineral cycle, biological cycle, community dynamics) provide the assessment language for evaluating whether a syntropic system is advancing. His specific insight: a recovering system shows improvements in all five functions simultaneously — increasing groundcover, improving water infiltration, building organic matter, increasing biodiversity. Use these as monitoring indicators. If one function improves while another declines, the design needs adjustment.

---

## Which tool fits

| You need to... | Tool |
|---|---|
| Assign species to succession stages for a new design | succession-design |
| Layer the canopy vertically by light and time | stratification |
| Plan pruning and chopping events to advance succession | disturbance-management |
| Choose and use pioneer species to build soil on degraded land | placenta-species |
| Read an existing degraded site and map what it needs | site-reading |

## Routing Decision

- **Starting from degraded, bare, or eroded land** → site-reading first, then placenta-species
- **Designing a new system from scratch with reasonable soil** → succession-design, then stratification
- **Existing system that is stagnating or not advancing** → disturbance-management
- **Choosing pioneer species for early establishment** → placenta-species
- **Don't know where to start** → site-reading; it tells you everything else

---

## Succession Design

*Maps the four succession stages and assigns species to each — the architectural plan of a syntropic system.*

Succession design is the first work on paper before anything goes in the ground. Götsch identifies four succession stages, each with its own ecological function and species role. Your job is to populate all four stages simultaneously, plant them together, and then remove species on a schedule as the system advances. Nothing is permanent — every species is either building toward the next stage or being removed to make way for it.

**The four succession stages:**

| Stage | Common names | Role in the system | Typical lifespan in the system | Example species |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placenta | Pioneer, nurse | Open ground, bare soil recovery; rapid biomass, nitrogen, shade creation | 6 months – 3 years | Banana, cassava, Tithonia, pigeon pea, Crotalaria, yam, Napier grass |
| Secondary (early) | Bush, shrub | Fill the gap after placenta removal; increase species density; building canopy structure | 3–8 years | Papaya, guava, leucaena, Moringa, Cajanus, peppers, cacao (early) |
| Secondary (late) | Small trees | Structural canopy; begin shading lower layers; produce first tree crops | 8–20 years | Cacao, coffee, citrus, avocado, jabuticaba, nitrogen-fixing trees |
| Climax | Canopy, emergent | Permanent canopy; the ecological destination of the system | 20–100+ years | Timbers (teak, mahogany), large fruit trees (mango, jackfruit, breadfruit), native hardwoods |

**Design sequence:**

1. **Define the climax goal first.** What does this land want to become in 30 years? Name the climax species — this is the destination the whole system is moving toward.

2. **Work backward through the stages.** What late secondary species will survive under the climax canopy? What early secondary fills the gap? What placenta opens the site?

3. **Plant all stages at once.** This is the counterintuitive move in syntropic design: you plant the climax seedlings on day one, surrounded by placenta species that will nurse them. The placenta grows fast and is removed; the climax grows slowly and persists.

4. **Assign a removal schedule.** Placenta species are removed when they begin shading out the secondary layer. Secondary species are thinned and removed as the canopy closes. The removal schedule is not fixed — read the system and remove when the next stage is ready, not on a calendar.

5. **Design in rows oriented to manage light.** East-west oriented rows allow more light to reach lower layers than north-south. Within-row spacing determines competition; between-row spacing determines light penetration. Götsch typically uses rows 3–5m apart with dense species packing within rows.

**Species packing principle:** More species, more densely packed, at establishment — then management removes them. This is opposite to conventional planting. You plant too many and remove them strategically, feeding the removed biomass back as mulch.

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- What climate zone are you in (tropical, subtropical, temperate, Mediterranean)? Species selection depends entirely on this — the examples above are tropical/subtropical defaults.
- Is this a productive enterprise (commercial income required from year one) or a restoration project where income can wait several years?
- What is the scale — a home garden, a market garden block, or a whole-farm design? The number of succession stages you manage simultaneously scales with size and attention capacity.

Acting on a succession design built for the wrong climate zone or the wrong production timeline wastes the first establishment season and loses the compounding benefit of early establishment.

**Output:**
```
SYNTROPIC SUCCESSION DESIGN
Site: [name / location]
Climate zone: [tropical / subtropical / temperate / Mediterranean]
Primary production goal: [commercial crop / food self-sufficiency / land restoration / mixed]

CLIMAX SPECIES (permanent canopy — plant now as seedlings)
[Species 1] — [commercial or ecological role]
[Species 2] — [commercial or ecological role]

LATE SECONDARY SPECIES (8–20 year role — plant at establishment)
[Species 1] — [expected production / removal trigger]
[Species 2] — [expected production / removal trigger]

EARLY SECONDARY SPECIES (3–8 year role — plant at establishment)
[Species 1] — [expected production / removal trigger]
[Species 2] — [expected production / removal trigger]

PLACENTA SPECIES (0–3 year role — plant densely at establishment)
[Species 1] — [biomass / nitrogen / income role]
[Species 2] — [biomass / nitrogen / income role]

ROW DESIGN
Orientation: [east-west / north-south — with reason]
Row spacing: [metres]
Within-row spacing: [metres]

REMOVAL SCHEDULE (approximate)
Year 1–2: Remove [species] when [trigger indicator]
Year 3–5: Remove [species] when [trigger indicator]
Year 8–15: Remove [species] when [trigger indicator]

INCOME DURING SUCCESSION
Year 1–2: [income species — vegetables, annuals, placenta crops]
Year 3–8: [income species — early secondary crops]
Year 8+: [income species — late secondary and climax crops]
```

**Next steps:**
- Run stratification (within this skill) to add the vertical layer structure to this horizontal succession map.
- Run disturbance-management (within this skill) to plan the pruning schedule that advances the design.
- `/s4ag-agroforestry` — if commercial tree enterprise design decisions (species economics, silvopasture integration) need to be made alongside the succession framework.

---

## Stratification

*Designs the vertical layers of the system by light requirement, height, and temporal role.*

Stratification is the vertical dimension of succession design. A syntropic system occupies all available vertical space simultaneously — from ground-hugging covers to emergent canopy — because unoccupied vertical space is unused photosynthetic capacity and an invitation for weed pressure. Götsch's operational principle: maximise photosynthesis at every height, at every stage of succession.

**The seven layers in a mature syntropic system:**

| Layer | Height | Species role | Syntropic stage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emergent canopy | 15m+ | Climax trees; maximum photosynthesis | Climax |
| Upper canopy | 8–15m | Late secondary trees; structural canopy | Late secondary |
| Sub-canopy | 4–8m | Early secondary trees; transitional | Early secondary |
| Shrub layer | 1–4m | Productive shrubs, pioneer species | Placenta / early secondary |
| Herbaceous | 0.5–1m | Vegetables, medicinals, living mulch | Placenta / annuals |
| Ground cover | 0–0.5m | Ground covers, creeping plants | Permanent ground layer |
| Root zone | Below ground | Root competition and cooperation | All layers |

**Not all seven layers are required at all times.** At establishment, you may only have placenta and herbaceous layers. The design goal is a trajectory toward all layers being occupied at the system's maturity.

**Light management in stratified design:**

The key management question in stratification is: which plants need full sun, which tolerate shade, and which require shade to perform? Misplacing a shade-intolerant species under a developing canopy kills it. Misplacing a shade-requiring species in full sun at establishment stresses it until the canopy develops.

| Light requirement | Examples | Placement guidance |
|---|---|---|
| Full sun (70–100% light) | Most annuals, Tithonia, cassava, most placenta species | Outer rows, gap zones, or before canopy closes |
| Partial sun (40–70% light) | Papaya, pepper, some citrus, many vegetables | Under light canopy; inner row positions as system matures |
| Shade-tolerant (20–40% light) | Cacao, coffee, cardamom, many medicinals, ginger | Interior positions; plant at establishment, they establish slowly |
| Deep shade (0–20% light) | Certain mushrooms, some medicinals | Under dense canopy; integrate in later succession |

**Temporal stratification — the time dimension:**
Stratification has a time axis as well as a height axis. In year one, the placenta species dominate. In year three, early secondary is emerging. In year ten, the canopy is forming. Design the system so that as one layer is removed, the layer below is already established and ready to fill the space. This requires planning the temporal sequence, not just the spatial arrangement.

**Density as a design principle:**
Götsch plants at extreme density by conventional standards. This is intentional: dense planting forces vertical growth, increases biomass production per unit area, and suppresses weed pressure. The system self-thins through competition and through deliberate removal. Never design for the spacing the mature plants will need — design for the competition pressure that drives them upward.

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- Do you have the succession design already mapped (horizontal stages and species)? Stratification adds the vertical layer logic on top of that — it cannot substitute for it.
- What is the most important early income species? Its light requirements determine where it sits in the layer design and how dense the surrounding canopy can be.
- Are you designing for a temperate system where layers are fewer and growth is slower? The seven-layer model compresses in cooler climates — a temperate food forest may realistically have four to five functional layers.

Stratification designed without knowing the succession stage map places species in the wrong vertical positions and creates irreversible conflicts between layers.

**Output:**
```
STRATIFICATION DESIGN
Site: [name]
System maturity target: [years]

LAYER ASSIGNMENTS

Emergent canopy (15m+): [species list]
  Light at ground under this layer at maturity: ~[%]

Upper canopy (8–15m): [species list]
  Target canopy closure: Year [n]

Sub-canopy (4–8m): [species list]
  Light requirement: [full / partial sun]
  Planted in: [row position or zone]

Shrub layer (1–4m): [species list]
  Role: [productive / nurse / biomass]
  Removal trigger: [indicator]

Herbaceous (0.5–1m): [species list]
  Note: [shade tolerance and light notes]

Ground cover: [species list]
  Function: [living mulch / weed suppression / habitat]

DENSITY AT ESTABLISHMENT
Within-row spacing: [metres]
Density target: [plants per hectare]
Thinning schedule: Remove [n]% by Year [n]

LIGHT MAP BY YEAR
Year 1: [approximate light levels at ground]
Year 5: [approximate light levels at ground]
Year 10: [approximate light levels at ground]
```

**Next steps:**
- Run disturbance-management (within this skill) — the layer design tells you when to cut; disturbance management tells you how.
- `/s4ag-permaculture` — for a complementary design language and guild-planting framework that adds ecological function to the layer structure.
- `/s4ag-soil` — a stratified system accelerates soil biology recovery; test the baseline so you can track improvement.

---

## Disturbance Management

*Plans pruning, chopping, and timing of cuts as the primary management tool for advancing succession.*

Disturbance is not a problem in syntropic systems — it is the management mechanism. Götsch's key insight: natural succession advances when a disturbance event (a tree falls, a fire passes through, a flood deposits sediment) creates a gap that the next successional stage fills. The farmer's role is to simulate these events deliberately, at the right timing and intensity, to advance the system faster than nature would on its own. A syntropic system without regular disturbance stagnates.

**Three types of disturbance in practice:**

**1. Pruning — selective canopy management**
Remove branches to control light competition between layers. Pruning does not remove the plant — it shapes it and feeds biomass to the ground.
- Cut at the right angle to allow healing.
- Leave all pruned material on the ground directly under the plant — this is the primary biomass input to the food web.
- Timing: prune when the plant is vigorous (not stressed). Avoid pruning in dry season unless managing water competition.

**2. Chopping — whole-plant removal at succession stage completion**
When a placenta species has done its work — shaded the ground, fixed nitrogen, built biomass — it is chopped at the base and laid on the ground as mulch. This is the most important disturbance event in syntropic management.
- Chop, do not pull. Leaving the root system in the ground preserves the root channel and root exudate zone for the next plant.
- Chop when the plant is at peak biomass, not when it is dying. Vigorous biomass returns more to the food web.
- Frequency: placenta species may be chopped and allowed to resprout 2–4 times before final removal. Each chop returns biomass and stimulates the root system.

**3. Selective thinning — succession advancement**
As the system advances, species that were functional at an earlier stage begin competing with the next stage. Selective removal creates the gaps and light levels that trigger the next stage to mature.
- Remove the species lowest in succession value first.
- Keep the species that are furthest along in their succession trajectory.
- The removed plants become mulch — never remove biomass from the system.

**Timing calendar for disturbance:**

| Season (tropical / subtropical) | Primary disturbance activity |
|---|---|
| Start of wet season | Major chopping events — biomass decomposes fastest with moisture; roots recover into wet season |
| Mid wet season | Light pruning, monitoring, no major disturbance |
| End of wet season | Secondary pruning; assess which species to thin before dry season |
| Dry season | Minimal disturbance; system is conserving resources; light canopy management only |

In temperate climates, substitute: spring = start of wet season; summer = mid wet season; early autumn = end of wet season; winter = dry season.

**The biomass return principle:**
Every chop or prune must return biomass to the ground beneath the plant. This is non-negotiable. Removing biomass from the system — selling it, burning it, taking it off-site — is extracting from the soil food web. Götsch's soil building depends entirely on continuous, high-volume biomass return. The system feeds itself from its own organic matter.

**Ingham connection:** The biomass returned by chopping is the primary food source for the fungal decomposer community Ingham documents. Fungi break down woody and lignin-rich material. Frequent chopping of diverse species creates a continuous supply of fungal food — this is why syntropic systems rebuild fungal-dominated soil biology faster than any other management approach on degraded land.

**Disturbance intensity decision:**

| System condition | Recommended action |
|---|---|
| Dense, vigorous, all layers growing | Light pruning only; system is advancing — do not interrupt it |
| Stagnant, no new growth emerging | Major chop of dominant species; create light gaps to trigger next stage |
| One layer dominating and suppressing others | Selective removal of dominant; protect suppressed species during recovery |
| Biomass thin, ground exposed | Do not chop; protect what is there; add annuals to cover exposed areas |
| Vigorous weed pressure | Chop weeds and lay as mulch; treat as volunteer placenta species |

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- Are you in wet season or dry season? Timing of major disturbance events follows the water cycle — the recommendation changes entirely based on seasonal position.
- Is this a new system (0–3 years) or an established system (3+ years)? New systems need minimal disturbance — they need time to establish root systems before being cut. Established systems can tolerate and benefit from more aggressive management.
- What is your labour capacity for disturbance events? A thorough disturbance event on a hectare of dense syntropic planting is a 1–3 day task for one person. Designing a disturbance schedule beyond labour capacity creates a management problem.

Cutting at the wrong season or cutting a system that is too young to tolerate it sets succession back rather than advancing it.

**Output:**
```
DISTURBANCE MANAGEMENT PLAN
System age: [years]
Season: [current season]
Scale: [hectares]

IMMEDIATE PRIORITY
Action: [prune / chop / thin / leave]
Target species: [species to act on]
Reason: [succession indicator that triggered this recommendation]
Timing: [now / next wet season / delay]

DISTURBANCE SCHEDULE — 12 MONTHS
Month [n]: [action] on [species] — [reason]
Month [n]: [action] on [species] — [reason]
Month [n]: [action] on [species] — [reason]

BIOMASS MANAGEMENT
All cut material: [lay in-situ under parent plant / distribute as mulch / pile as compost]
Do NOT remove from system: [listed species to protect or retain]

INDICATORS TO WATCH
[indicator of advancing succession] — target: [descriptor]
[indicator of stagnation] — trigger: [descriptor]

NEXT DISTURBANCE REVIEW: [timeframe — typically end of season]
```

**Next steps:**
- Run site-reading (within this skill) if you are unsure whether the system is advancing or stagnating — observation before intervention.
- `/s4ag-composting` — biomass that cannot be returned in-situ (excess from major chop events) should be hot-composted and returned as finished compost rather than removed from the system.
- `/s4ag-soil` — soil biology testing before and after major disturbance events tracks whether the food web is responding to the biomass return.

---

## Placenta Species

*Selecting and using pioneer species to build soil, biomass, and biological activity on degraded or bare land.*

Placenta species are the foundation of syntropic establishment. Götsch named them "placenta" because they perform the same function a placenta does in biology: they create the nutritional and protective environment in which the next life stage can develop. On bare or degraded land, nothing climbs without a placenta layer first.

**The three functions a placenta species must perform:**
1. **Rapid above-ground biomass** — it must grow fast enough to cover the ground, create shade, and provide significant chop-and-drop material within the first 12–24 months.
2. **Root system biology** — it must feed the soil food web through root exudates and, at death or removal, through root decomposition. Nitrogen-fixing species are especially valuable here.
3. **Nurse function** — it must create the microclimate (shade, humidity, reduced wind) that allows slower-establishing secondary and climax species to survive.

**Species selection by climate:**

**Tropical / subtropical:**
| Species | Growth rate | Primary function | Removal timing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Banana (Musa spp.) | Very fast (6–12 months to fruit) | Biomass, food income, microclimate creation | Chop after fruiting; allow ratoons; remove at year 2–3 |
| Cassava (Manihot esculenta) | Fast | Food income, deep root, biomass | Harvest at 12–18 months; chop tops as mulch |
| Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) | Fast (perennial, 1–3m) | Nitrogen fixation, biomass, food | Chop at year 2–3; resprouting extends biomass function |
| Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) | Very fast (annual, 2–3m) | Biomass accumulation, phosphorus mobilisation | Chop 3–4 times per year; volunteer reseeds |
| Crotalaria (Crotalaria spp.) | Moderate (annual/biennial) | Nitrogen fixation, nematode suppression | Chop before seed set if self-seeding is not wanted |
| Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) | Very fast (4–6m) | Massive biomass production, erosion control | Chop every 6–8 weeks; deep-rooted |
| Moringa (Moringa oleifera) | Fast (4m in year 1) | Biomass, food, deep mineral accumulation | Coppice repeatedly; highly multi-functional |

**Temperate:**
| Species | Growth rate | Primary function | Removal timing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Comfrey (Symphytum spp.) | Fast (perennial) | Deep mineral accumulation, biomass, food web feeding | Cut to ground 3–4x/year; never fully removed |
| Nitrogen-fixing shrubs (Alnus, Eleagnus, Hippophae) | Moderate | Nitrogen fixation, biomass, windbreak | Coppice on rotation; thinned as canopy develops |
| Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) | Very fast | Biomass, food, soil structure | Remove tubers at year 3–4 as canopy suppresses it |
| Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) | Fast (annual) | Biomass, open-pollinator habitat, quick income | Chop after seed harvest; lay stalks as mulch |
| Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) | Very fast (annual) | Phosphorus mobilisation, weed suppression, quick biomass | Chop at 50% flower; lays flat as instant mulch |
| Compost (cover crop mixes) | Fast | Biology-building, diverse root exudates | Roller-crimp at flowering; lay as standing mulch |

**Selecting a placenta mix:**
Never use a single placenta species. A mix of 3–5 placenta species:
- Provides different root depths (feeding soil biology at multiple levels)
- Creates diverse root exudate chemistry (feeding diverse microbial communities)
- Reduces the risk of any single species failing
- Creates more complex microclimate shelter for the secondary species established beneath

**Income from placenta species:**
The placenta stage does not have to be non-productive. Design it to generate income during the first 3 years while the permanent system establishes:
- Banana, cassava, yam, and squash as food crops within the placenta layer
- Herbs and leafy vegetables in the herbaceous layer beneath placenta shelter
- Fast-growing annuals in the inter-row space before canopy closure

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- Is this land bare, degraded, or partially covered? The species mix and planting density changes significantly based on starting condition — bare, compacted land needs the most aggressive placenta establishment; land with existing vegetation may only need supplemental planting.
- Is income required from year one? If yes, the placenta species selected must include food or market crops — pure biomass/nitrogen-fixing pioneers cannot sustain a farm financially.
- What is the frost risk? In temperate systems, tropical-origin placenta species (banana, Tithonia, Moringa) will not survive frost and must be substituted with temperate-adapted species.

Selecting placenta species without confirming climate or income requirements risks an establishment year that produces biomass but no income, or biomass species that die in the first frost.

**Output:**
```
PLACENTA SPECIES PLAN
Site condition: [bare / degraded / partially vegetated]
Climate: [tropical / subtropical / temperate / Mediterranean]
Income required in year 1–3: [yes / no / which crops]

PLACENTA MIX (plant together at establishment)
Species 1: [name] — Function: [biomass / N-fix / food / microclimate] — Density: [plants/ha]
Species 2: [name] — Function: [biomass / N-fix / food / microclimate] — Density: [plants/ha]
Species 3: [name] — Function: [biomass / N-fix / food / microclimate] — Density: [plants/ha]
[Add as needed]

PLANTING LAYOUT
Placenta species arrangement: [mixed in rows / alternating species / random scatter]
Distance from climax/late secondary seedlings: [metres — protect from competition]

REMOVAL SCHEDULE
[Species 1]: Chop at [trigger indicator — height / canopy closure / secondary species height]
[Species 2]: Chop at [trigger indicator]

INCOME IN PLACENTA STAGE
Year 1 income species: [species and expected yield]
Year 2 income species: [species and expected yield]
Year 3 income species: [species and expected yield]

BIOMASS RETURN ESTIMATE
Average chop frequency: [times per year]
Estimated biomass return: [kg/ha per year — rough estimate]
```

**Next steps:**
- Run succession-design (within this skill) if you have not yet mapped the full four-stage species plan — placenta selection should follow from the climax destination, not precede it.
- `/s4ag-soil` — run a baseline soil test before establishing placenta species so you have a reference point to measure the biological recovery that follows.
- `/s4ag-land-reading` — if the site is degraded, read its vegetation indicators and landform before finalising species selection.

---

## Site Reading

*Reads a degraded or unknown site and designs the succession timeline and entry point for syntropic establishment.*

Before any species go in the ground, the site must be read. Götsch's methodology begins with observation: what is the land already trying to do? Every piece of land is at some stage in its own succession trajectory. Your job is to read that trajectory, understand what is holding it back, and remove those constraints — not to impose a foreign design.

**The site reading protocol — work through in order:**

**1. Read the vegetation already present.**
The plants on a site are the most accurate report on its biological and physical status. Do not see weeds — see indicators.

| Vegetation indicator | What it tells you |
|---|---|
| Annual grasses dominating (signal grass, crabgrass) | Bare, disturbed, bacteria-dominated soil; early pioneer stage |
| Thistles, dock, nettles | Compacted or disturbed; excess soluble nutrients; transitional |
| Brambles, blackberry, hawthorn colonising | Active secondary succession beginning; soil recovering |
| Bracken fern | Moderate soil depth and drainage; often fungal recovery in progress |
| Legumes (clover, vetch) appearing spontaneously | Nitrogen-depleted soil recovering; food web rebuilding |
| Pioneer trees (willow, elder, birch, Cecropia) | Late pioneer stage; significant recovery already underway |
| Presence of earthworms under vegetation | Biology active; proceed to secondary species stage |
| Bare mineral soil with no vegetation | Most degraded starting point; placenta urgently needed |

**2. Read the soil surface.**
Walk the site and examine the soil surface across different zones.

| Soil surface indicator | Implication for design |
|---|---|
| Hard, crusted, water pooling | Structural compaction; placenta needed before anything else |
| Loose, friable, dark under vegetation patches | Recovering areas; plant secondary species here sooner |
| Grey or orange staining, putrid smell | Anaerobic conditions; compaction and poor drainage; address water movement first |
| Mulch layer present under vegetation | Decomposer activity present; good establishment conditions |
| Active earthworm casting visible | Strong biological recovery; this area can support higher-stage planting |

**3. Read the water pattern.**
Walk the site after rain, or look for evidence of water movement.
- Where does water pool? These are the lowest infiltration zones — placenta establishment here must use tolerant species.
- Where does it drain? Slopes and drainage channels tell you where water moves and where it can be slowed.
- Are there springs or seeps? These indicate active groundwater and high potential zones.
- Eroded channels and rills tell you where energy is leaving the system — these need to be addressed before planting.

**4. Assess slope and aspect.**
- Steep slopes (>15%) need erosion control before planting — dense placenta establishment across the slope, not in rows.
- North-facing slopes (in the southern hemisphere) or south-facing (northern hemisphere) receive less light — species selection must account for reduced solar income.
- Ridges and exposed positions need wind-tolerant species at the outer edge.

**5. Map the zones.**
After reading vegetation, soil, water, and topography, divide the site into zones:

| Zone type | Characteristics | Syntropic entry point |
|---|---|---|
| Hot spot | Best soil, best drainage, existing vegetation recovery | Secondary species now; rapid advance |
| Standard | Degraded but workable | Full placenta establishment; standard protocol |
| Problem zone | Compaction, waterlogging, erosion | Address physical constraint first; then placenta |
| Edge and margin | Fence lines, hedgerows, watercourses | Plant hardy pioneers; these build the system edge |

**6. Design the succession timeline by zone.**
Not all parts of the site advance at the same rate. Hot spots can be in early secondary species by year 3; problem zones may need 5 years in placenta before advancing. A site reading produces a zone map with a different succession timeline for each zone.

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- Have you physically walked the entire site in at least one wet period and one dry period? Reading a site from aerial imagery or a single visit misses the water and seasonal patterns that determine what will grow.
- Is the site ownership or tenure secure for the full succession timeline (minimum 10–20 years)? Designing a syntropic system on short-tenure land is high-risk — the benefits accrue over decades, not seasons.
- Are there any contamination, legal, or access constraints on the site that would restrict what species can be planted or how the land is managed?

A site reading done quickly or from a desk produces a design that does not fit the land. The reading takes as long as it takes — it is the most important step in the process.

**Output:**
```
SITE READING REPORT
Site: [name / location]
Visit date(s): [dates — ideally wet and dry season]
Area: [hectares]

VEGETATION STATUS
Dominant vegetation: [species and community type]
Succession stage indicated: [early pioneer / mid pioneer / early secondary / recovering]
Key indicators: [2–3 specific plants and what they indicate]

SOIL STATUS
Surface condition: [crusted / friable / mulched / bare]
Earthworm presence: [absent / occasional / abundant — and where]
Estimated biology status: [depleted / recovering / active]

WATER PATTERN
Water pooling zones: [location and extent]
Drainage direction: [general description]
Erosion present: [yes / no — location and severity]
Spring or seep: [yes / no — location]

TOPOGRAPHY
Slope range: [% or degrees]
Aspect: [north / south / east / west / mixed]
Key landform features: [ridges, gullies, terraces — note any]

ZONE MAP
Zone A — Hot spot: [location / area] — Entry point: [secondary / late secondary]
Zone B — Standard: [location / area] — Entry point: [full placenta]
Zone C — Problem: [location / area] — Constraint: [type] — First action: [address constraint]
Zone D — Edge / margin: [location / area] — Entry point: [pioneer / hardy species]

SUCCESSION TIMELINE BY ZONE
Zone A: Secondary species by Year [n]
Zone B: Secondary species by Year [n]
Zone C: Placenta stabilisation by Year [n]; secondary by Year [n]

FIRST ACTIONS
1. [most urgent physical constraint to address — if any]
2. [first planting zone and species]
3. [monitoring indicator to watch in 6 months]
```

**Next steps:**
- Run placenta-species (within this skill) — the site reading tells you what the land needs; placenta-species selects what to plant first.
- Run succession-design (within this skill) — map the full species plan for the whole site across all four stages.
- `/s4ag-earthworks` — if the site reading reveals significant water movement problems (erosion, pooling, compaction from water), earthworks design should precede or accompany planting.
- `/s4ag-land-reading` — if a deeper landscape function assessment is needed before committing to a design.