S4ag Mycology

---
name: s4ag-mycology
description: "Fungi in farming. Use when the user asks about growing mushrooms, mycelium, fungal networks, mycorrhizae, wood-chip beds, log inoculation, spent substrate, or says anything like 'I want to grow mushrooms', 'how do fungi help soil', or 'mycorrhizal inoculant'."
allowed-tools: [Read]
---

# Mycology

Fungi are the infrastructure of healthy land. Mycorrhizal networks move water, carbon, and mineral nutrients between plants; saprotrophic fungi decompose woody material that bacteria cannot touch; and cultivated mushrooms convert agricultural waste into high-value food while producing spent substrate that feeds soil biology. This skill helps you grow mushrooms, protect fungal networks already at work in your soil, and integrate fungal systems into the wider farm.

Understanding fungi changes your management decisions. Once you know that tillage severs mycorrhizal hyphae, that fungicides damage the carbon sequestration pathway, and that a wood-chip path inoculated with wine-cap stropharia is a biological fertility zone, every input decision and cultivation choice sits in a different frame.

**How this skill works:** Each sub-tool pauses at a **Checkpoint** to confirm the assumptions it is about to build on before producing output. A recommendation built on a wrong assumption wastes time and money — confirm the checkpoint before acting. Each sub-tool ends with **Next steps** — the skills worth running once you have acted on this one.

---

## Expert Lineage

*The thinkers whose frameworks underpin this skill — and what they specifically discovered that changes how you farm.*

**Paul Stamets — Fungi as Ecological Infrastructure**
Stamets catalogued the full productive and ecological range of fungi in *Mycelium Running* and demonstrated that wood-chip garden beds inoculated with wine-cap stropharia (*Stropharia rugosoannulata*) build topsoil at rates comparable to years of compost application. His specific actionable finding for farmers: fungi connect the farm's waste streams to its fertility cycle. Spent substrate from a mushroom operation, applied to market garden beds or compost, carries live mycelium into the soil food web. Stamets also documented that some Ganoderma and Trametes species produce antifungal and antibacterial compounds that suppress plant pathogens — a finding directly applicable to orchard and garden disease management.

**Tradd Cotter — Farm-Scale Integration**
Cotter's *Organic Mushroom Farming and Mycoremediation* is the most practically detailed guide to integrating mushroom cultivation with agricultural waste streams. His central finding: the most economically and ecologically coherent mushroom operations treat the farm itself as the substrate source and the mushroom system as a processing stage rather than a separate enterprise. Straw from grain harvests, spent grain from beer-making, sawdust from timber operations, and agricultural by-products all become substrates. The waste-to-value loop he documents changes how a farm accounts for mushroom production — inputs are often on-farm byproducts, not purchased materials.

**Elaine Ingham — Mycorrhizal Fungi as Carbon Highway**
Ingham's soil food web research established that mycorrhizal fungi — not compost, not manure — are the primary mechanism through which photosynthetic carbon enters and stabilises in deep soil. Plants allocate up to 40% of their photosynthate through root exudates into mycorrhizal networks. Her most actionable finding for this skill: a single fungicide application at the wrong moment — even an approved organic one — can collapse the mycorrhizal network that the plant depends on for water and phosphorus uptake, and that collapse persists for weeks to months. Before any spray in a system with trees, perennials, or mycorrhizal-dependent crops, confirm the trade-off.

**Christine Jones — The Liquid Carbon Pathway**
Jones identified that the fastest route for atmospheric carbon to reach stable mineral-associated organic matter in soil is via root exudates pumped through mycorrhizal hyphae — the liquid carbon pathway. Her key contribution to this skill: diverse plant communities with intact mycorrhizal networks sequester carbon in proportion to network density, not just plant biomass. A no-till, diverse polyculture with active fungal networks sequesters more carbon than a high-biomass monoculture. Every management choice that supports fungal networks — reduced tillage, perennial roots, wood-chip mulch — accelerates the pathway.

**Jeff Lowenfels — Rhizosphere Biology and Fungal Inoculation**
Lowenfels documented the specific mechanics of the plant-fungus relationship at the root surface: the vast majority of land plants (about 90% of species) are obligate mycorrhizal hosts — they evolved dependent on the relationship, not independent of it. His practical finding: plants grown from inoculated propagation material establish significantly faster and with greater drought resilience than uninoculated equivalents, because the fungal network is present from day one. For any transplanting or tree-planting operation, inoculating at the propagation or planting stage is lower cost and higher impact than any soil-applied inoculant after establishment.

**Merlin Sheldrake — Networks and Communication**
Sheldrake's *Entangled Life* documented the evidence for nutrient and signal exchange between plants through fungal networks, including the transfer of carbon from established trees to newly establishing seedlings of the same or different species. His actionable finding: the species composition of the fungal community in soil is shaped by the plant community above it, and vice versa — they select for each other. Plant diversity drives fungal diversity. Where you want a rich fungal community, grow a diverse plant community and stop disturbing the soil.

---

## Which tool fits

| You need to... | Tool |
|---|---|
| Choose which mushroom species to grow | species-selection |
| Inoculate hardwood logs with spawn | log-inoculation |
| Grow mushrooms on straw, sawdust, or cardboard | substrate-cultivation |
| Understand and protect mycorrhizal networks in the farm system | fungal-networks |
| Connect mushroom production into farm waste streams and soil | farm-integration |

## Routing Decision

- **Want to grow mushrooms for the first time and don't know where to start** → species-selection
- **Have logs and want to grow shiitake or oyster** → log-inoculation
- **Have straw, grain bags, or cardboard and want a faster production system** → substrate-cultivation
- **Concerned about fungicide use, tillage damage, or want to protect existing soil fungi** → fungal-networks
- **Running a mushroom operation and want to close the loop back to soil** → farm-integration
- **General curiosity about fungi in farming** → fungal-networks first, then species-selection

---

## Species Selection

*Matches mushroom species to the grower's substrate, climate, experience level, and market or household goal.*

The most important first decision in mushroom growing is not how to grow — it is what to grow and on what. Species determine substrate availability, climate requirements, cropping timeline, and the level of technical management required. Getting this match right means the rest of the system works with your farm rather than against it.

**Decision framework — answer these four questions first:**

1. What substrate do you have ready access to? (Hardwood logs, straw, agricultural waste, sawdust, cardboard)
2. What is your climate zone, and do you have shade or indoor space to manage temperature?
3. Are you growing for household use, a farm stall or direct market, or volume wholesale?
4. How much time can you allocate to regular monitoring and management?

**Species guide:**

| Species | Best substrate | Climate fit | Timeline to first crop | Experience level | Market value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oyster (*Pleurotus ostreatus*) | Straw, cardboard, coffee grounds, sawdust | Cool to temperate; needs shade in summer | 3–6 weeks from inoculation | Beginner | High fresh, moderate dried |
| Wine-cap stropharia (*Stropharia rugosoannulata*) | Wood chips, garden beds | Temperate; very forgiving | 3–6 months, then perennial | Beginner | Moderate; exceptional for farm integration |
| Shiitake (*Lentinula edodes*) | Hardwood logs (oak, alder, maple) | Temperate; humidity sensitive | 6–18 months from log inoculation | Intermediate | Very high; premium market |
| Lion's mane (*Hericium erinaceus*) | Hardwood sawdust blocks, logs | Cool to temperate | 3–4 months on blocks | Intermediate | Very high; medicinal and culinary demand |
| King stropharia / garden giant | Wood chips, straw over wood chips | Temperate to warm | 2–4 months | Beginner | Moderate |
| Reishi (*Ganoderma lucidum*) | Hardwood logs or stumps | Warm temperate | 12–18 months | Intermediate | High (dried/powdered medicinal) |
| Maitake (*Grifola frondosa*) | Buried hardwood logs or stumps | Cool temperate; oak-associated | 2–5 years | Advanced | Very high |

**For a first-time grower:** Oyster on straw is the lowest-risk, fastest-return choice. It requires no sterilisation (pasteurisation only), produces within weeks, and clearly demonstrates the principles that apply to all other species.

**For farm integration:** Wine-cap stropharia in wood-chip garden paths and beds is the highest-value fungal ecology intervention for a farm. It produces edible mushrooms while actively building soil biology below — it is simultaneously a production system and a soil amendment.

**Climate notes:**
- Cool climates (below 20°C average summer): oyster, shiitake, lion's mane, and wine-cap all thrive.
- Warm climates (above 25°C summer): outdoor mushroom production requires shade structures or north-facing slopes; focus on heat-tolerant oyster varieties (pink oyster, *P. djamor*) or move to indoor production.
- Arid climates: substrate moisture retention is the main challenge; buried or partially buried log systems outperform surface beds.

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- What substrate is realistically available on or near the farm — straw, hardwood logs, sawdust, agricultural by-products?
- What is the typical summer temperature range in your location, and do you have shade or indoor space?
- Is the goal household production, a small market stall, or a commercial volume that would require investment in a fruiting environment?

Getting the climate and substrate match wrong means either the species does not fruit, or it fruits unpredictably and cannot be counted on as a reliable crop.

**Output:**
```
SPECIES SELECTION
Farm context: [substrate available, climate zone, goal]

RECOMMENDED SPECIES: [species name]
Substrate match: [substrate you have → what it suits]
Climate suitability: [assessment]
Timeline to first crop: [weeks/months]
Experience requirement: [beginner/intermediate/advanced]
Expected yield: [kg per kg substrate, or per log per year]
Market or household value: [notes]

ALTERNATIVE SPECIES: [second choice if primary unsuitable]
Why alternative: [brief reason]

FIRST STEPS
1. [immediate first action]
2. [second action]
3. [third action]

WHAT TO AVOID
[common mistake for this species/context]
```

**Next steps:**
- Run **log-inoculation** (within this skill) if shiitake or oyster on logs is the selected species.
- Run **substrate-cultivation** (within this skill) if oyster, lion's mane, or wine-cap on straw/sawdust is the selected path.
- `/s4ag-finance` — before investing in a fruiting chamber or larger-scale production, run the enterprise gross margin.

---

## Log Inoculation

*Guides the plug spawn or sawdust spawn inoculation of hardwood logs for shiitake, oyster, lion's mane, or reishi.*

Log inoculation is the most ecologically aligned mushroom production method available to a farm. Logs are colonised over months in a way that mirrors natural fungal succession; fruiting bodies emerge from a biologically complex substrate that also improves when returned to the soil system after exhaustion. The process is slow — 6 to 18 months before first fruiting — but requires minimal infrastructure and produces for 3 to 7 years per log.

**Step-by-step process:**

**1. Log selection and preparation**
- Cut logs between late autumn and early spring, before bud break — sugar content is highest and bark is intact.
- Diameter: 10–20cm is ideal. Thicker logs last longer; thinner logs colonise faster.
- Length: 90–120cm is manageable and maximises inoculation surface per log.
- Allow logs to rest 2–6 weeks after cutting before inoculation — freshly cut wood contains antifungal compounds that inhibit spawn establishment.
- Do not allow logs to dry out; inoculate before they lose more than 20–25% moisture.

**Species-to-wood matching:**

| Species | Preferred wood | Acceptable alternatives |
|---|---|---|
| Shiitake | Oak (best), alder, maple | Beech, hornbeam, ironwood |
| Oyster | Alder, poplar, willow | Oak (slower), cottonwood |
| Lion's mane | Oak, beech, sugar maple | Alder, hornbeam |
| Reishi | Oak, maple | Alder, cherry |

**2. Inoculation**
- Drill holes in a diamond pattern: 5–8cm apart in rows, rows 10–15cm apart, staggered.
- Hole diameter and depth must match spawn type: plug spawn (5/16" bit, 3cm deep); sawdust spawn (12mm bit, 4cm deep).
- Insert spawn immediately after drilling — exposure to air is the enemy.
- Seal every hole with cheese wax, beeswax, or grafting wax melted and applied with a brush or dauber. This is not optional — exposed holes allow competitor fungi.
- Label logs with species and inoculation date.

**3. Incubation**
- Stack logs in a shady, humid location — under deciduous canopy, in a north-facing position, or under shade cloth.
- Ideal incubation conditions: 15–25°C, 60–80% relative humidity.
- Stack in a crib (log cabin) formation to allow air circulation; or lean against a structure.
- Check moisture periodically — logs should not dry to the point of cracking. Water in dry periods.
- Incubation period: shiitake 6–12 months; oyster 4–8 months; lion's mane 8–14 months.

**4. Fruiting initiation**
- Once colonisation is complete (white mycelium visible at ends and throughout log), fruiting can be initiated.
- Natural fruiting: logs fruit spontaneously after rain and temperature drop in autumn and spring.
- Forced fruiting (shiitake): submerge logs in cold water (15°C or below) for 12–24 hours, then stand upright in a humid space. Mushrooms typically pin within 3–7 days.
- Do not force more than once per 6–8 weeks — the log needs recovery time to replenish glycogen reserves.

**5. Post-harvest log management**
- After harvest, allow logs to rest for at least 6–8 weeks before next forcing.
- Maintain humidity during rest periods.
- Productive life varies by species and log density: shiitake on oak, 3–6 years; oyster on alder, 2–4 years.
- When exhausted, spent logs are valuable compost inputs or can be buried in garden beds as hugelkultur substrate.

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- What species of tree do the available logs come from — this determines species match and colonisation timeline?
- When were the logs cut, and have they been resting for at least 2 weeks? Freshly cut logs with full antifungal chemistry need the rest period.
- Is there a shaded, humid incubation site available, or will shade cloth and irrigation need to be factored in?

Recommending species-wood pairings or timelines without confirming log species and cut date will produce inaccurate expectations and potentially failed colonisation.

**Output:**
```
LOG INOCULATION PLAN
Log species: [tree species]
Mushroom species: [selected species]
Log dimensions: [diameter × length]
Cut date: [date] — Rest complete: [date when safe to inoculate]

SPAWN TYPE: [plug / sawdust]
Holes per log (estimated): [number]
Wax type: [cheese wax / beeswax]

INOCULATION DATE: [planned date]
Expected colonisation complete: [date range]
Expected first natural fruiting: [date range]
First forced fruiting window: [date range, if applicable]

INCUBATION SITE: [description]
Moisture management: [notes]

YIELD ESTIMATE
First year: [conservative estimate, kg per log]
Peak year: [estimate, kg per log]
Productive life: [years]
```

**Next steps:**
- Run **farm-integration** (within this skill) to plan what to do with spent logs and surplus production.
- `/s4ag-market` — if producing for sale, the timeline to first crop defines when to begin market preparation.
- `/s4ag-composting` — spent logs from shiitake or oyster production are excellent hot-compost carbon material.

---

## Substrate Cultivation

*Sets up and manages straw, sawdust, or cardboard-based mushroom cultivation for oyster, lion's mane, wine-cap, and related species.*

Substrate cultivation produces mushrooms in weeks rather than months, uses agricultural and household waste streams as inputs, and requires minimal outdoor infrastructure. Oyster mushrooms on straw are the most accessible starting point for any farm. Wine-cap stropharia on wood chips bridges cultivation and ecology — it is both a food crop and a soil-building tool.

**The core sequence: substrate → pasteurise or sterilise → inoculate → incubate → fruit → harvest → return to soil.**

**Substrate options and preparation:**

| Substrate | Species suited | Preparation method | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat or rice straw | Oyster (all varieties) | Hot water pasteurise (80°C, 1 hour) | Most accessible; good yields |
| Cardboard (corrugated) | Wine-cap, oyster | Soak 24 hours, no heat needed | Free; slower; useful for garden integration |
| Hardwood sawdust + bran | Shiitake, lion's mane, oyster | Sterilise (121°C, 2.5 hours) or pasteurise | Higher yield potential; requires pressure cooker or autoclave for sterilisation |
| Coffee grounds | Oyster | Use fresh within 24 hours; no additional treatment | Free from cafes; fast but limited volume |
| Wood chips | Wine-cap stropharia | Layer directly; no heat treatment | For outdoor bed systems; not bagged cultivation |

**Pasteurisation vs. sterilisation:**
- Pasteurisation (80–90°C): kills competitor moulds and bacteria but leaves heat-tolerant endospores. Sufficient for aggressive colonisers like oyster. No autoclave required — a large pot of hot water works.
- Sterilisation (121°C, 15 psi): kills all organisms including endospores. Required for less aggressive species (lion's mane, shiitake on sawdust). Requires a pressure cooker (small scale) or autoclave (larger scale).

**Oyster mushroom on straw — the standard process:**

1. Chop straw to 5–10cm lengths — increases surface area and improves packing.
2. Submerge in water heated to 80–90°C for 60–90 minutes. A large pot, clean bin, or immersion heater works.
3. Drain thoroughly. Substrate should be moist but not dripping — squeeze a handful; only a few drops should emerge.
4. Allow to cool to below 30°C before inoculation.
5. Mix spawn through substrate (10–20% spawn by dry weight for faster colonisation; 5–10% is minimum).
6. Pack into bags or containers. Punch or cut 1cm holes every 10–15cm for gas exchange and eventual pinning sites.
7. Incubate at 18–24°C in darkness until fully colonised (white mycelium throughout — 2–4 weeks).
8. Move to fruiting conditions: lower temperature (12–18°C for most oyster varieties), increase humidity (85–95% RH), introduce indirect light and fresh air. Pins form within 5–10 days.
9. Harvest when caps are fully expanded but before edges begin to curl upward — this is peak flavour and before sporulation.
10. Remove entire cluster cleanly; allow substrate to rest 2 weeks before second flush.

**Yield expectations:**
- Oyster on straw: 3–4 flushes over 8–12 weeks; total yield approximately 80–120% of dry substrate weight.
- Lion's mane on sawdust block: 1–2 flushes; total yield approximately 50–80% of substrate weight.
- Wine-cap in outdoor beds: first-season yield variable; beds become more productive over 2–4 years.

**Contamination — causes and responses:**

| Contaminant appearance | Likely cause | Response |
|---|---|---|
| Green mould (Trichoderma) | Substrate not hot enough; spawn rate too low | Isolate bag; remove from cultivation area; adjust process |
| Black or brown mould | Contaminated spawn or substrate; too wet | Discard; check spawn source and substrate moisture |
| No growth after 3+ weeks | Too cold; substrate too wet or dry; bad spawn | Check temperature and moisture first; test spawn viability |
| Pinning on bag before harvest stage | Sudden temperature drop or CO2 spike | Normal — harvest early pins and adjust environment |

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- What substrate is available locally, and can you achieve either hot-water pasteurisation or pressure-cooker sterilisation?
- What temperature can you maintain in your incubation and fruiting space — different species and varieties have different tolerances?
- Are you growing for household production (a few bags) or for market (which requires a reliable fruiting environment and consistent volume)?

A production system designed for 10 bags in a spare room requires completely different infrastructure than 200 bags per week for a market stall — getting this wrong means either undershooting or over-investing.

**Output:**
```
SUBSTRATE CULTIVATION PLAN
Species: [species]
Substrate: [substrate]
Preparation method: [pasteurise / sterilise]

BATCH SETUP
Substrate quantity: [kg dry weight]
Water ratio: [litres per kg]
Spawn rate: [% by dry weight]
Spawn quantity needed: [kg]
Container type: [bags / buckets / bins]
Number of units: [number]

INCUBATION
Temperature: [range °C]
Duration: [weeks]
Gas exchange method: [filter patch / holes / frequency of opening]

FRUITING
Temperature: [range °C]
Humidity target: [% RH]
Humidity management: [method]
Light: [indirect / none / LED]
Air exchange: [frequency]

HARVEST TIMING INDICATOR: [visual cue for this species]

EXPECTED YIELD
First flush: [kg per batch, or % of substrate weight]
Total (all flushes): [kg]

SPENT SUBSTRATE PLAN: [compost / garden bed / other use]
```

**Next steps:**
- Run **farm-integration** (within this skill) to route spent substrate back into farm fertility.
- `/s4ag-composting` — spent substrate from any species adds fungal biomass and carbon to compost piles.
- `/s4ag-direct-marketing` — if production reaches market volume, develop the sales channel alongside the production system.

---

## Fungal Networks

*Explains how mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi work in the farm system, what damages them, and how to protect and encourage them.*

This sub-tool is the ecological foundation of the whole skill. It answers the question: what are the fungi in my soil doing, and how does my management either support or destroy them?

**Two types of fungi matter in the farm system:**

**Mycorrhizal fungi** form direct symbiotic relationships with plant roots — the fungal hyphae penetrate root cells (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF) or wrap them in a sheath (ectomycorrhizal fungi, ECM). In exchange for photosynthate from the plant, the fungi deliver water and mineral nutrients — particularly phosphorus, which cannot diffuse through soil fast enough to meet plant demand at the root surface. This is not a minor relationship. Plants grown without mycorrhizal fungi are stunted and drought-prone in the same way that an animal without a gut microbiome is immune-compromised.

**Saprotrophic fungi** decompose dead organic matter — woody debris, straw, dead roots — breaking complex lignins and cellulose into simpler compounds that bacteria then process further. Saprotrophic fungi are responsible for the majority of nutrient cycling in forest and pasture systems, and their mycelial networks physically bind soil aggregates, creating the structure that holds water and allows root penetration.

**What kills fungal networks:**

| Management practice | Impact on fungi | Severity |
|---|---|---|
| Tillage (plough or rotovator) | Physically severs hyphae; breaks aggregates | High — networks take weeks to months to rebuild |
| Fungicide application | Kills or suppresses both mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi | Very high — some residues persist for weeks |
| Bare soil / no plant cover | Removes the photosynthate supply for mycorrhizae; networks starve | High — networks begin declining within weeks |
| Soluble phosphorus fertiliser | Suppresses mycorrhizal association — plant stops exuding carbon when P is artificially elevated | Moderate — recovers when P fertiliser stops |
| Soil compaction | Destroys aggregate structure and pore space that hyphae require | High — structural recovery takes years |
| Pesticide drift | Many broad-spectrum insecticides also harm fungal populations | Moderate to high, depending on product |

**What builds fungal networks:**

| Management practice | Mechanism | Benefit timeline |
|---|---|---|
| Permanent plant cover (especially perennials) | Continuous carbon flow from roots into hyphae | Builds from day one; cumulative |
| No-till or minimal disturbance | Preserves hyphal networks and aggregate structure | Immediate protection; networks extend continuously |
| Wood-chip mulch | Carbon source for saprotrophs; moisture retention; temperature buffering | 3–12 months for saprotrophic colonisation |
| Diverse plant community | Different plant species host different fungal species — diversity begets diversity | Builds over seasons |
| Reduced soluble P fertiliser | Allows mycorrhizal association to re-establish | Recovery begins within one season |
| Mycorrhizal inoculant at planting | Introduces beneficial strains where networks have been depleted | Establishes over first growing season |

**Reading fungal status in the field:**

You can assess fungal activity without a lab:
- *Soil smell*: A healthy, fungally active soil smells earthy — the compound geosmin, produced by actinomycetes and fungi, is the smell of biological activity. Dead, compacted soils smell of nothing or of sulphur.
- *Thread-like white growth*: Pull apart decomposing organic matter — visible white mycelium threads indicate active saprotrophic fungi. Multiple species present means multiple decomposition pathways are active.
- *Vegetation indicators*: Fungal-dominated soils support diverse plant communities including perennial forbs and clovers. Bacterial-dominated, disturbed soils are dominated by annual weeds (dock, thistle, annual grasses).
- *Soil structure*: Aggregates held together by fungal hyphae are visible as clusters of particles that don't immediately fall apart when disturbed. Structureless, powdery soil has lost the hyphal binding.

**The fungicide decision:**
Before applying any fungicide — including copper and sulphur — ask: is the biological cost worth the pathogen control benefit? Copper fungicide applied to an apple orchard suppresses scab but also sets back mycorrhizal development on orchard tree roots. A single application at the wrong growth stage can delay carbon sequestration by weeks. This does not mean never use fungicides. It means: use them with accurate knowledge of the timing, dosage, and target, and build the decision from that knowledge rather than from a calendar spray programme.

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- What crops or trees are the primary mycorrhizal hosts on this farm — annuals, perennials, trees?
- Is there any fungicide currently in the spray programme, and what is its target?
- What is the current tillage regime, and is there scope to reduce disturbance?

Recommendations on how to protect fungal networks are meaningless without knowing what the tillage and spray programme is — you cannot protect what a weekly rotovation and routine fungicide programme is destroying.

**Output:**
```
FUNGAL NETWORK ASSESSMENT
Farm context: [crops, tillage, spray history]

CURRENT THREATS TO FUNGAL NETWORKS
1. [threat] — [severity] — [specific management practice causing it]
2. [threat] — [severity]
3. [threat if applicable]

WHAT IS WORKING (protection actions already in place)
- [positive practice if any]

PRIORITY ACTIONS TO BUILD NETWORKS
1. [first action — highest impact] — [timeline to effect]
2. [second action]
3. [third action]

FUNGICIDE REVIEW
[current fungicides in programme, if any] — [biological cost / alternatives]

INDICATORS TO WATCH
- [what to look for over next season to gauge improvement]
```

**Next steps:**
- `/s4ag-soil` (test-interpretation) — if fungal network status is unknown, a biological soil assessment (Ingham method) gives a baseline.
- `/s4ag-composting` (compost-tea) — aerated compost tea applied as a soil drench reintroduces fungal biomass to depleted soils.
- `/s4ag-pests` — if fungicide use is being driven by disease pressure, explore whether IPM cultural controls can reduce spray frequency before reducing the fungicide.

---

## Farm Integration

*Connects mushroom production to the rest of the farm — spent substrate, waste streams, soil amendment, and the closed fertility loop.*

The most ecologically and economically coherent mushroom operations are not standalone production units — they are nodes in a farm nutrient cycle. Straw from grain harvest becomes substrate; coffee grounds from a neighbour become substrate; spent myceliated substrate feeds compost or garden beds; wood chips inoculated with wine-cap line farm paths and produce food while building soil. This sub-tool designs that loop.

**The farm integration framework — three levels:**

**Level 1: Substrate sourcing from on-farm or local waste streams**
List every waste material generated on or near the farm that could serve as mushroom substrate:
- Grain straw (wheat, oat, rye) — oyster mushrooms
- Corn stalks and cobs — oyster mushrooms (slower)
- Sawdust from on-farm timber or local mill — shiitake, lion's mane on hardwood; oyster on softwood with supplements
- Spent grain from brewing or distilling — oyster mushrooms; high bran content means sterilisation required
- Cardboard (unbleached) — wine-cap stropharia in beds
- Coffee grounds (from local cafes) — oyster; must be used fresh
- Tree surgery arisings and woodchip — wine-cap, blewit, king stropharia in outdoor beds

The goal is zero purchased substrate. On most mixed farms, this is achievable within one or two seasons.

**Level 2: Spent substrate return to the soil system**
Fully cropped-out substrate blocks and bags contain live mycelium, spent fungal biomass, and partially decomposed organic matter — all valuable soil inputs.

| Spent substrate type | Best use after cropping |
|---|---|
| Straw blocks (oyster) | Direct soil surface application as mulch; compost hot pile input |
| Sawdust blocks (shiitake, lion's mane) | Compost input (high carbon); inoculant for wood-chip beds |
| Coffee ground bags | Compost immediately — nitrogen-rich |
| Exhausted logs | Bury in hugelkultur beds; wood chip high-carbon compost input |
| Outdoor wood-chip beds (wine-cap) | Leave in place; break down as soil organic matter over 3–5 years |

Do not let spent substrate sit unused. The mycelium is still active when the bag comes out of production — applied to a compost pile or garden bed within 24–48 hours, it continues its biological work in a new context.

**Level 3: Wood-chip bed systems as ecological infrastructure**
Wine-cap stropharia (*Stropharia rugosoannulata*) grown in wood-chip garden paths and beds is the highest-value farm integration practice in this skill. The system:
- Produces edible mushrooms (garden giant) requiring zero purchased inputs beyond spawn.
- Builds topsoil at the rate of several centimetres per year through mycelial decomposition of wood chips.
- Suppresses weeds under the chip layer.
- Retains moisture under the chip path, reducing irrigation frequency in adjacent beds.
- The mycelial network extends laterally into adjacent garden beds, inoculating them with saprotrophic and beneficial fungi.

**Establishing a wine-cap stropharia bed system:**
1. Source wood chips — hardwood preferred; avoid cedar, pine, and eucalyptus which are antifungal. Fresh chips or slightly weathered both work.
2. Lay a base layer of cardboard directly on ground (suppresses grass and acts as additional carbon source).
3. Add wood chips to a depth of 10–15cm over the cardboard.
4. Spread spawn (sawdust spawn or grain spawn) through the chips at approximately 1kg spawn per 2–3m².
5. Cover spawn layer with additional 5–10cm of chips.
6. Water thoroughly and cover with burlap or shade cloth for the first 2–4 weeks to retain moisture.
7. Keep moist — this is the most common reason for failure in dry climates.
8. Expect first fruiting in 2–6 months depending on temperature; the bed becomes more productive each year and will produce for 3–5 years before the chips are exhausted.

**Economic accounting for integrated systems:**
The mistake in accounting for mushroom-farm integration is treating mushroom production as the only output. The correct accounting includes:
- Mushroom sale or household consumption value
- Input cost avoided (straw not purchased; compost not purchased; soil amendment value of spent substrate)
- Weed suppression value in chip paths (labour saved)
- Moisture retention value (irrigation reduction)

When integrated correctly, a modest mushroom operation on a 1-acre market garden can offset significant fertility costs while producing 100–500kg of food-grade mushrooms annually from materials that would otherwise be waste.

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- What waste streams are currently generated on or near the farm that could be captured as substrate?
- Is there a composting system on farm that spent substrate can feed into, or will direct-to-bed application be the primary return route?
- Is the goal integration of an existing mushroom operation into the farm system, or designing a new operation with integration from the start?

Designing integration for an established operation requires mapping what already exists. Designing from scratch allows full loop planning but requires identifying substrate sources before committing to species selection.

**Output:**
```
FARM INTEGRATION PLAN
Farm type: [market garden / mixed / livestock / agroforestry / other]
Current waste streams available: [list]

SUBSTRATE LOOP
Input source → Species → Substrate preparation → Production volume
[source 1] → [species] → [method] → [volume estimate]
[source 2] → [species] → [method] → [volume estimate]

SPENT SUBSTRATE RETURN
[substrate type] → [destination: compost / mulch / bed]
[substrate type] → [destination]

WOOD-CHIP BED SYSTEM (if applicable)
Location: [paths / beds / orchard understorey / other]
Area: [m²]
Species: [wine-cap stropharia / blewit / other]
Chip volume needed: [m³]
Spawn quantity: [kg]
Establishment date: [planned]
Expected first crop: [date range]

ECONOMIC SUMMARY
Mushroom value (annual estimate): [kg × price]
Input costs offset: [£/$ annually]
Labour added: [hours/week]
Net benefit: [approximate]

PRIORITY FIRST STEP: [single most actionable thing to start]
```

**Next steps:**
- `/s4ag-composting` — design the compost system that receives the spent substrate, closing the fertility loop.
- `/s4ag-soil` (fertility-planning) — account for the soil biology value of spent substrate and wood-chip beds in the farm fertility plan.
- `/s4ag-market` — if mushroom production reaches sellable volume, connect to a market before production is established so that harvest timing and volume match market capacity.