S4ag Herbs

---
name: s4ag-herbs
description: "Grow medicinal and culinary herbs well. Use when the user asks about growing herbs, drying herbs, herb quality, medicinal herb cultivation, perennial herb beds, or says anything like 'how do I grow', 'best soil for herbs', 'harvest herbs', 'dry herbs', or 'herb garden'."
allowed-tools: [Read]
---

# Herbs

Herbs are among the most forgiving crops to start and the most demanding to perfect. Whether you are growing culinary varieties for your own kitchen, medicinal species for a home apothecary, or a market crop that commands serious premiums, the decisions at cultivation, harvest, and drying stage determine quality far more than genetics. Potency, flavour, and shelf life are all earned in the growing — soil biology, harvest timing, and drying temperature are where the outcome is decided.

**How this skill works:** Each sub-tool pauses at a **Checkpoint** to confirm the assumptions it is about to build on before producing output. A recommendation built on a wrong assumption wastes time and money — confirm the checkpoint before acting. Each sub-tool ends with **Next steps** — the skills worth running once you have acted on this one.

---

## Expert Lineage

*The thinkers whose frameworks underpin this skill — and what they specifically discovered that changes how you farm.*

**Rosemary Gladstar — Medicinal Herb Cultivation for Quality**
Gladstar spent decades demonstrating that medicinal potency is not a fixed property of a herb species — it is a growing condition. Her specific finding: plants grown in biologically rich soil with some stress (not overfed, not over-watered) consistently produce higher essential oil and active constituent concentrations than heavily fertilised, maximally irrigated crops. She established that the farmer's goal is quality over yield — and that the two often require opposite cultivation decisions.

**Jekka McVicar — Comprehensive Cultivation Methodology**
McVicar's research across hundreds of herb species produced the most systematically tested cultivation guide in the English language. Her actionable contribution: drainage is more important than fertility for the majority of Mediterranean herbs. Waterlogged roots kill essential oil production before any other stress — more rosemary, thyme, and lavender is lost to excess moisture than to any other cause. Well-drained soil or raised beds solves most herb failures before they occur.

**Richo Cech — Growing for Medicinal Potency**
Cech, grower and founder of Horizon Herbs, shifted the frame from botanical gardening to pharmaceutical production. His specific insight: the active constituent in a medicinal herb peaks at a defined phenological moment — and the window is often narrow, measured in days not weeks. Echinacea root is most potent harvested in the autumn of year two or three; calendula petals at peak open flower; valerian root in the autumn before seed set. Harvest timing is not about convenience — it is the single biggest quality lever available to the grower.

**Elaine Ingham — Soil Biology and Plant Chemistry**
Ingham's food web research offers an explanation for what Gladstar observed empirically: plants grown on living biology produce different secondary metabolites than plants grown on soluble synthetic inputs. Under biological conditions, plants face the mild competitive and microbial pressure that triggers the biosynthetic pathways that produce essential oils, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds. Excess nitrogen suppresses these pathways and favours rapid vegetative growth — lush, fast-growing, low-potency plants. For medicinal herb quality, the Ingham framework predicts that less fertiliser and more biology consistently produces better medicine.

**Susun Weed — Nourishing Herbal Tradition**
Weed's contribution is a framework for distinguishing herbs by their use context: nourishing herbs (high-mineral nutritives like nettle and oat straw), stimulating herbs (strong physiological effect in small dose, such as skullcap and motherwort), and sedating herbs (strongest effect, shortest appropriate use period, such as kava and valerian). This classification shapes cultivation priorities: nourishing herbs can be mass-produced and frequently harvested; stimulating and sedating herbs require precision timing and restraint in harvest volume. Growing decisions follow from this distinction.

**Andrew Chevallier — Ethnobotany and Integrated Growing**
Chevallier's encyclopaedic work connects traditional use with cultivation context. His specific insight for growers: many medicinal herbs are adapted to specific ecological niches — woodland margins, dry limestone grassland, wetland edges — and producing them outside that niche reliably reduces their efficacy. Matching growing conditions to the herb's native ecology is not romanticism; it is the fastest route to high-quality product. Wild-simulated growing (approximating native conditions deliberately) is the highest-quality cultivation method for many woodland and edge-adapted species.

---

## Which tool fits

| You need to... | Tool |
|---|---|
| Decide how to grow a specific herb | species-by-species |
| Choose a drying method and get temperatures right | drying-and-processing |
| Design a perennial herb bed or integrate herbs into the farm | perennial-design |
| Grow herbs specifically for medicinal quality and potency | medicinal-growing |

## Routing Decision

- **Asked about a specific herb — rosemary, lavender, echinacea, nettle, calendula, etc.** → species-by-species
- **Harvested herbs and need to know how to dry or preserve them** → drying-and-processing
- **Establishing a long-term herb area or integrating herbs into a farm system** → perennial-design
- **Growing for medicine, tinctures, or health products and want to maximise potency** → medicinal-growing
- **Unclear** → species-by-species first; it reveals what other decisions are needed

---

## Species-by-Species

*Cultivation guide for the most common culinary and medicinal herbs — variety choice, growing requirements, and key decisions.*

### Culinary Herbs

**Basil (Ocimum basilicum)**
Annual. Heat-demanding — will stunt below 15°C and die below 10°C. Sow indoors 4–6 weeks before last frost; transplant when soil is reliably warm. Pinch out flower spikes as they appear — bolting drops essential oil content by 40–60% within days. Harvest in the morning, after dew dries. Full sun. Well-drained, moderately fertile soil. Excess nitrogen produces large soft leaves that are flavourless; target compost-fed rather than fertilised fertility.

**Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus)**
Perennial (tender in zones below 7). Requires excellent drainage above all else — the single most common failure mode is wet roots. Raised beds or a south-facing slope in heavy soils. Drought-tolerant once established; do not irrigate mature plants unless in extreme drought. Propagate from semi-ripe cuttings in mid-summer. Will not tolerate wet winters at all. Prune after flowering, not into old wood.

**Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)**
Perennial. Similar to rosemary in drainage requirements. More cold-tolerant. Best harvested just before flowering — essential oil peaks at bud stage. Replace plants every 3–4 years as they become woody. Propagate by division or semi-ripe cuttings. Tolerates dry, poor soils — over-rich soil reduces flavour significantly.

**Mint (Mentha spp.)**
Perennial. Requires moisture and some fertility — the opposite of Mediterranean herbs. Spreads aggressively by rhizome; contain with buried edging or grow in pots sunk into the ground. Harvest before flowering for best flavour. Cut back hard after flowering to produce a second flush of vegetative growth. Divide every 2–3 years to prevent decline.

**Parsley (Petroselinum crispum)**
Biennial, grown as annual. Slow to germinate (3–4 weeks); soaking seed 24 hours in warm water speeds germination. Prefers fertile, moisture-retentive soil. Bolt-prone in year two. Harvest outer leaves to extend production. Does not transplant well — direct-sow or transplant as young seedlings only.

**Chives (Allium schoenoprasum)**
Perennial. Divide clumps every 3 years to maintain vigour. Harvest leaves to within 5cm of the ground; plants regrow quickly. Flowers are edible and high-value for salads. Tolerant of clay soils; moderate moisture. Cut flower heads off if leaf production is the primary goal.

**Coriander / Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum)**
Annual. Bolt-prone in warm weather — choose slow-bolt varieties for leaf production. Sow successionally every 3 weeks for continuous harvest. Direct-sow; does not transplant. For coriander seed, allow to flower and harvest when seed turns light brown.

### Medicinal Herbs

**Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea, E. angustifolia)**
Perennial, prairie plant. Full sun, well-drained soil — tolerant of poor soils once established. E. angustifolia (roots most potent) takes 3–4 years before root harvest; E. purpurea (whole plant harvest) can be harvested in year two. Root harvest in autumn. Aerial parts harvested at early flower. Direct seed or transplant. Self-seeds reliably once established.

**Calendula (Calendula officinalis)**
Annual. Extremely easy and fast to establish. Sow direct after last frost or in autumn in mild climates. Harvest flower heads when fully open, at peak orange colour — this is the potency peak. Harvest every 2–3 days during peak season to extend production. Deadheading extends flowering period significantly. Prefers cool conditions; bolts and declines in midsummer heat.

**Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)**
Perennial. Prefers moisture-retentive soil; will grow in wetter conditions than most herbs. Harvest roots in autumn of years 2–3, before seed set — fresh root has highest valeric acid content. Roots dry rapidly and odour develops during drying. Tall plants (1.5m+) benefit from support.

**Nettle (Urtica dioica)**
Perennial. Nitrogen-indicator — tends to establish on high-fertility soils. Harvest young tips before flowering for highest mineral and chlorophyll content. Gloves required. Cut back after flowering for a second vegetative flush. Multiple harvests per season. Dries easily. High-value as both food and medicine.

**Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia)**
Perennial. Full sun, excellent drainage, alkaline-tolerant soil. Harvest just as buds begin to open — essential oil content peaks at this moment and drops as flowers open fully. Prune hard in spring, not into old wood. Replace plants every 8–10 years as they become unproductive. Intermedia varieties are more vigorous but have lower essential oil content than angustifolia.

**Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)**
Annual. Self-seeds prolifically — establish once in a suitable location and it will maintain itself. Harvest when flower heads are fully open and petals are beginning to reflex downward (this is the apigenin peak). Harvest regularly — leaving spent flowers reduces production. Dry quickly and at low temperature to preserve volatile oils.

**St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum)**
Perennial. Full sun. Harvest aerial parts in bud to early flower stage — hypericin content peaks here. The red oil that releases when buds are squeezed is the quality indicator. Easy to establish from transplant; slow from seed. Self-seeds once established.

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- Which herb specifically, and is the goal culinary (flavour), medicinal (potency), or market sale?
- What climate zone, soil type, and drainage situation are you working with?
- Annual or perennial: is this a one-season crop or a long-term planting decision?

Building a cultivation recommendation without knowing the species or the soil drainage situation produces advice that fits no situation precisely — confirm these before acting.

**Output:**
```
SPECIES CULTIVATION GUIDE
Herb: [species and variety if relevant]
Use goal: [culinary / medicinal / market / combined]
Climate: [zone / region]

GROWING REQUIREMENTS
Light: [full sun / partial shade / shade]
Soil: [drainage, fertility, pH]
Moisture: [drought-tolerant / moderate / moisture-loving]

ESTABLISHMENT
Propagation method: [seed / cutting / division / transplant]
Timing: [when to sow or plant]
Key establishment notes: [critical success factors]

HARVEST
When to harvest: [phenological cue, not just calendar date]
How to harvest: [method, volume to take, frequency]
Quality indicator: [what peak quality looks or smells like]

COMMON FAILURES FOR THIS SPECIES
1. [most common failure and cause]
2. [second most common failure and cause]

YEAR 1 PRIORITY: [what to focus on in the first season]
```

**Next steps:**
- Run drying-and-processing (within this skill) once you have a harvest to preserve correctly.
- Run medicinal-growing (within this skill) if this herb is being grown for pharmaceutical-quality medicine rather than general culinary use.
- `/s4ag-soil` — if soil drainage or fertility is a limiting factor for the species in question.

---

## Drying and Processing

*Preserves medicinal and culinary quality through correct drying — temperature, airflow, darkness, and timing.*

Drying is where most of the quality won in cultivation is lost or preserved. The volatiles that make herbs medicinally active and culinarily valuable are driven off by heat, degraded by light, and oxidised by insufficient airflow. Speed of drying and temperature control are the two variables with the biggest impact on finished product quality.

### Principles of Good Drying

**Temperature is the critical variable.**
Most herbs should be dried at 30–38°C maximum. Above 40°C, essential oils and heat-sensitive constituents begin to volatilise or denature. Commercial dryers set to 60°C produce dry product quickly — and biologically inactive product. Roots and bark can tolerate slightly higher temperatures (up to 45°C) than aerial parts and flowers.

**Airflow matters as much as heat.**
A cool, moving airflow at 35°C dries faster than still air at 50°C and damages the product less. Drying racks with mesh bottoms in a well-ventilated space are more effective than flat trays in a still room.

**Darkness protects chlorophyll and photosensitive constituents.**
Light degrades colour and many active compounds. Dry in darkness or very low light.

**Drying is complete when stems snap rather than bend.**
For roots: cut a section — no moisture visible in the cut surface. Leaves crumble when rubbed between fingers. Flowers retain colour and scent.

### By Plant Part

| Part | Drying temperature | Typical duration | Done when |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flowers (delicate) | 30–35°C | 1–3 days | Petals crisp, colour retained |
| Aerial parts / leaf | 30–38°C | 2–5 days | Stems snap, leaves crumble |
| Seeds | 30–40°C | 3–7 days | Hard, no visible moisture |
| Roots (sliced thin) | 38–45°C | 4–10 days | Snap when bent, no soft core |
| Bark | 40–45°C | 5–14 days | Snaps cleanly |
| Mushrooms | 38–45°C | 4–8 days | Crisp, no give |

### Drying Methods by Scale

**Small scale — bundle and hang drying**
Bunch 5–10 stems, tie at base, hang upside down in a warm (not hot), dark, ventilated space. Free; adequate for most kitchen herbs. Problematic in humid climates — mould risk with thick bunches. Keep bunches small and well-spaced.

**Medium scale — drying rack system**
Mesh-bottomed trays stacked with airflow between layers. A dehydrator at controlled temperature is the most reliable version. Good for flowers, which cannot be bundled.

**Commercial scale — batch or continuous dryer**
Temperature-controlled dryers (food dehydrators, commercial herb dryers). The key is a thermostat and a timer — consistency matters more than sophistication.

**Sun drying**
Effective in hot, dry climates for robust material (seeds, roots, bark). Problematic in humid climates, and always damages photosensitive compounds. Not appropriate for high-potency medicinal material.

### Moisture Content Targets

Commercially, dried herbs should reach 8–12% moisture content for safe storage without mould. The snap test is a reliable field proxy. If in doubt, err toward drier — over-dried product is safer than under-dried product; you can only fix the latter before it goes mouldy.

### Processing After Drying

**Garbling:** Remove stems, damaged material, and non-target plant parts after drying. Do not garble before drying — mechanical damage to fresh plant material accelerates loss of volatiles.

**Grinding:** Grind close to point of use, not at drying. Grinding exposes surface area and accelerates oxidation. For storage, keep whole or coarsely cut.

**Tincturing fresh vs. dried:** Many medicinal herbs produce higher-quality tinctures when tinctured fresh (valerian, St. John's Wort, calendula, nettle) — the drying process degrades key constituents. If the end product is a tincture, plan for fresh harvest and immediate processing rather than a dry → storage → tincture sequence.

### Packaging and Storage

- Glass, paper, or breathable bags only. Plastic traps residual moisture and accelerates mould.
- Dark glass or dark containers for photosensitive material.
- Cool, dark storage. Each 10°C reduction in storage temperature approximately doubles shelf life.
- Label with: species, plant part, harvest date, drying method, location.
- Viability guide: most dried herbs retain useful potency for 1–2 years if stored correctly; roots and bark up to 3 years; flowers and aerial parts 1 year maximum for high-potency medicinal use.

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- What is the herb and plant part being dried — flowers, aerial parts, roots, seeds?
- What is the intended use — culinary (flavour only), medicinal (active constituents), or market sale (appearance and potency both matter)?
- What drying equipment is available — ambient air, dehydrator, dedicated dryer?

The drying recommendation differs significantly by plant part and intended use. A flower being dried for medicinal tincture needs different handling than one being dried for cosmetic use or seasoning.

**Output:**
```
DRYING AND PROCESSING GUIDE
Herb: [species]
Part: [aerial / flower / root / seed / bark]
Intended use: [culinary / medicinal / sale]

DRYING METHOD: [recommended method]
Temperature: [°C range]
Duration: [estimated time]
Airflow: [requirements]
Light: [dark / low light required]

DONE WHEN: [snap/crumble/colour test description]

MOISTURE TARGET: [8–12% or specific if known]

STORAGE
Container: [glass / paper / breathable]
Location: [cool, dark — specific guidance]
Label with: [species / part / harvest date / method / origin]
Expected shelf life: [duration]

FRESH PROCESSING NOTE
[If tinctured fresh is strongly preferred for this species — note here]

POST-PROCESSING STEP
[Garbling note if applicable]
```

**Next steps:**
- Run medicinal-growing (within this skill) if quality from this harvest was lower than expected — that sub-tool works backward from quality problems to growing decisions.
- `/s4ag-wildcrafting` — if harvesting from wild or semi-wild sources, sustainable harvest protocols overlap with drying timing decisions.
- `/s4ag-direct-marketing` — if dried herbs are intended for sale, value-adding and presentation decisions follow from processing decisions.

---

## Perennial Design

*Integrates perennial herbs into the farm system as long-term productive infrastructure and habitat for beneficial organisms.*

A perennial herb bed is not just a growing area — it is ecological infrastructure. A well-designed planting provides: year-round ground cover (living root in the soil), habitat for beneficial insects (pest control), nectar sources for pollinators, windbreak and microclimate modification, and productive harvest across multiple seasons. Designing it well at the start removes years of replanting and correction.

### Design Principles

**Start with drainage.** Mediterranean perennials (rosemary, thyme, sage, lavender, oregano) cannot survive wet roots. If drainage is marginal, raise the bed 20–30cm above grade. No other investment returns more in a perennial bed.

**Group by water need, not aesthetics.** Place Mediterranean drought-tolerant species together; moisture-loving species (mint, meadowsweet, valerian, elderberry) in a separate area near a water source. Mixed plantings that require different irrigation regimes cannot be managed efficiently.

**Allow for spread.** Perennials spread, self-seed, and grow larger than annual estimates. Space generously at establishment — ground cover between plants is not wasted space if you mulch it correctly.

**Design for harvest access.** No plant should require you to step on another to reach it. Width of 1.2m on a raised bed or 1.5m for a ground-level planting is the maximum for comfortable access from both sides.

**Include structure plants.** Elderberry, rosemary, and bay provide year-round structure that anchors the bed visually and ecologically. They also provide windbreak and microclimate stabilisation that improves conditions for lower-growing species.

### Functional Planting Design

**Canopy / structure layer (1.5–4m)**
- Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) — flower and berry, pollinator magnet
- Bay (Laurus nobilis) — culinary, structural, hardy in warm zones
- Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) — tall, self-seeds, excellent parasitoid habitat

**Mid-layer (30–90cm)**
- Rosemary — culinary, structural, pollinator
- Sage (Salvia officinalis) — culinary, medicinal, pollinators
- Lavender — medicinal, pollinator, market product
- Echinacea — medicinal, pollinator, structural
- Valerian — medicinal, pollinator magnet
- Lemon balm — culinary/medicinal, rapid spreader (contain)

**Ground layer (under 30cm)**
- Thyme — culinary, pollinator, drought-tolerant ground cover
- Chamomile — medicinal, self-seeds, interplant widely
- Chives — culinary, pollinator, bulb layer
- Calendula — medicinal, annual self-seeder, pest predator habitat

**Edge and margin**
- Mint (contained or edged)
- Comfrey — mineral accumulator, mulch plant, deep tap root feeds food web
- Nettle — medicinal, wildlife habitat, mineral indicator

### Integration into the Farm System

**As companion planting within crops.** Many perennial herbs provide pest suppression or attraction of beneficial insects when distributed through productive areas. Calendula between brassicas reduces aphid pressure; fennel provides habitat for parasitic wasps; chives adjacent to carrots reduces carrot fly.

**As windbreak and microclimate.** A hedge of rosemary, sage, and elderberry on a prevailing wind edge modifies temperature and wind speed across a significant growing area while producing a harvestable crop.

**As a food web support system.** The diverse root systems of a perennial polyculture feed a proportionally diverse food web community. The mycorrhizal networks that develop under an undisturbed perennial bed are among the most complex on the farm. Refrain from digging this area — surface mulch and top-dressing only.

### Establishment Sequence

| Phase | Action | Timing |
|---|---|---|
| Site preparation | Sheet mulch or raise bed; address drainage | Season before planting |
| Structure plants | Plant elderberry, bay, fennel first | Autumn / early spring |
| Mid-layer | Plant perennials in blocks by water requirement | Spring |
| Ground layer | Interplant thyme, chamomile, calendula | Spring to early summer |
| Mulching | Deep wood-chip mulch between plants | After planting |
| First harvest | Light harvest only in year one — allow establishment | Year 1 |
| Full harvest | Normal harvesting begins year two | Year 2+ |

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- What is the site drainage — will Mediterranean species survive in this soil without raised beds?
- What is the primary purpose — culinary production, medicinal production, farm integration for ecological function, or a combination?
- How large is the area and how much of the planting is intended to be perennial versus annual herb production?

The design differs substantially if this is a 10m² kitchen herb bed versus a 500m² medicinal production area integrated into a farm system.

**Output:**
```
PERENNIAL HERB DESIGN
Site: [area, drainage status, aspect]
Primary purpose: [culinary / medicinal / ecological / combined]

DRAINAGE DECISION
[Raised bed required? / Ground-level viable? / Modification needed?]

PLANTING PLAN — BY LAYER

Canopy/Structure:
  [species] — [spacing] — [function]

Mid-layer:
  [species] — [spacing] — [function]

Ground layer:
  [species] — [spacing] — [function]

Edge / companion:
  [species] — [function]

GROUPING BY WATER REQUIREMENT
Dry group: [species list]
Moderate group: [species list]
Moist group: [species list]

ESTABLISHMENT SEQUENCE
Phase 1 — [timing]: [action]
Phase 2 — [timing]: [action]
Phase 3 — [timing]: [action]

HARVEST EXPECTATION
Year 1: [light / none]
Year 2: [partial]
Year 3+: [full production]

ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION
[List of functional contributions — pollinator habitat, pest predator habitat, ground cover, etc.]
```

**Next steps:**
- `/s4ag-soil` — prepare the biological foundation before planting; perennial herb systems benefit significantly from a healthy food web at establishment.
- `/s4ag-biodiversity` — the ecological function of the herb planting overlaps with habitat creation for beneficial organisms.
- Run medicinal-growing (within this skill) to set quality targets for species being grown for medicine.

---

## Medicinal Growing

*Specific requirements for herbs grown for medicinal quality — where the cultivation decisions that determine potency differ from culinary growing.*

Medicinal quality is not the same as culinary quality. A visually perfect, high-yielding basil crop and a medicinally potent echinacea root require opposite approaches in several key decisions. Growing for medicine means optimising for active constituent concentration, harvest timing precision, and post-harvest handling — often at the cost of yield and appearance.

### The Core Principle: Mild Stress Drives Potency

The secondary metabolites that make herbs medicinally active — essential oils, alkaloids, phenols, terpenes, flavonoids — are not produced primarily for human benefit. They are the plant's chemical response to microbial interaction, competitor pressure, browsing, and ultraviolet stress. Plants grown in highly fertile, well-irrigated, protected conditions have less reason to produce these compounds. The practical implication:

- **Avoid excess nitrogen.** High nitrogen produces rapid vegetative growth but suppresses secondary metabolite production. Compost-level fertility is appropriate; synthetic nitrogen fertilisers are not compatible with medicinal quality production.
- **Allow some drought stress.** Do not irrigate Mediterranean medicinals beyond what establishment requires. Water stress at the right stage concentrates essential oils.
- **Full sun is not optional.** UV exposure drives essential oil production. Shaded plants consistently have lower active constituent concentration.
- **Do not over-prune.** Frequent hard cutting stimulates vegetative regrowth at the expense of the chemical complexity the plant produces at maturity.

### Active Constituent Classes and Their Triggers

| Constituent class | Examples | Peak condition |
|---|---|---|
| Essential oils / terpenes | Thymol, menthol, linalool | Just before or at bud stage, warm day after morning dew dries |
| Alkaloids | Berberine, caffeine, capsaicin | At physiological maturity, some stress |
| Phenols / flavonoids | Apigenin (chamomile), hypericin (St. John's Wort) | Early flower stage |
| Mucilages | Marshmallow root, slippery elm | After secondary growth period |
| Resins | Propolis precursors, frankincense | Under stress, warm conditions |
| Glycosides | Salicin (willow), echinacoside | At metabolic maturity |

### Harvest Timing by Phenological Stage

Harvest timing is the single most important quality decision after growing conditions.

| Herb | Part | Optimal harvest stage | Indicator |
|---|---|---|---|
| Echinacea | Root | Autumn of year 2–3 | Before first hard frost, post-leaf drop |
| Echinacea | Aerial | Early flower | First flowers open, before 50% of plant in bloom |
| Calendula | Flower | Full open, peak colour | Petals fully extended, deep orange, morning harvest |
| Chamomile | Flower | Petals beginning to reflex | Petals pulling back from centre disk |
| St. John's Wort | Aerial | Bud to early flower | Red oil when bud squeezed |
| Valerian | Root | Autumn year 2–3 | After first frost triggers root starch conversion |
| Nettle | Leaf | Spring tips | Before 30cm tall, before flowering |
| Lavender | Flower | Bud stage | Just as colour shows, before full open |
| Lemon balm | Leaf | Before flowering | High leaf oil, low tannin stage |
| Elderflower | Flower | Peak open | Fragrance at maximum, before browning begins |

### Soil Biology and Medicinal Quality

Ingham's framework offers a direct mechanism for why food web health affects herb potency. Mycorrhizal fungi produce plant signalling compounds that trigger secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways in their plant partners. Plants with intact mycorrhizal networks are, in a physiological sense, already under mild productive stress from the fungal interaction — the same stress that drives essential oil production. Conversely, plants grown with soluble synthetic fertility have no mycorrhizal networks (phosphorus-inhibits mycorrhizal association above threshold levels) and less biological signalling driving secondary metabolism.

Practical implications for medicinal growers:
- Do not apply phosphorus fertilisers near medicinal herb plantings. Even organic rock phosphate at high rates can suppress mycorrhizal colonisation.
- Inoculate all transplants with mycorrhizal inoculant at planting time.
- Mulch with wood chips to maintain fungal conditions at the soil surface.
- Never use fungicides in or near a medicinal herb planting.

### Quality Testing Options

**Brix reading (refractometer):** A proxy for dissolved solids concentration — higher Brix correlates with higher secondary metabolite concentration in most herbs. Takes 30 seconds with a refractometer. Compare batches and growing conditions.

**Sensory assessment:** Essential oil content can be assessed by rubbing a leaf and assessing intensity and duration of scent. This is a reliable comparative tool for a grower who has established a baseline.

**Laboratory analysis:** For commercial medicinal production, HPLC analysis of key actives (e.g., hypericin in St. John's Wort, alkylamide in Echinacea, rosmarinic acid in rosemary) is the only definitive quality measure. Costs range from £30–150 per sample depending on constituent tested.

### Organics and Certification

For medicinal quality, organic certification is not just a marketing decision — it is a quality decision. Pesticide residues in medicinal herbs interact with and suppress the same biochemical pathways that produce medicinal activity. Certified organic or beyond-organic practice (no synthetic inputs of any kind) is the only defensible standard for high-quality medicinal production. If full certification is not currently practical, document practice honestly and do not make medicinal claims based on uncertified product.

### Wild-Simulated Growing

For woodland and edge species (goldenseal, black cohosh, bloodroot, trillium), wild-simulated growing — deliberately recreating native habitat conditions — consistently produces superior medicinal quality to field cultivation. This means:
- Establishing under appropriate canopy or shade structure
- Using leaf mould and forest compost rather than standard potting mixes
- Extending to multi-year production cycles
- Harvesting at physiological maturity, not maximum yield

This approach is also the most ecologically responsible for threatened woodland medicinals — it creates habitat rather than extracting from it.

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- What is the end product — fresh use, dried herb, tincture, or commercial supply — and does it require any specific quality standard or certification?
- Are the herbs annual or perennial, and what is the production volume target?
- Is organic certification required, in progress, or not applicable to this context?

The specific quality protocol (harvest timing, post-harvest handling, testing) changes based on whether the endpoint is a home tincture or a commercial herbal product.

**Output:**
```
MEDICINAL GROWING PROTOCOL
Herb: [species]
End product: [fresh use / dried / tincture / commercial supply]
Certification: [organic certified / in-transition / uncertified / not applicable]

SOIL AND FERTILITY APPROACH
Fertility source: [compost-only / biological / no synthetics]
Mycorrhizal status: [inoculated at planting / native soil inoculum / unknown]
Phosphorus management: [avoid / low application / note if relevant]
Fungicide policy: [none in or adjacent to planting]

GROWING CONDITIONS
Light: [full sun / partial / specific requirement]
Irrigation: [establishment only / minimal / notes]
Density: [spacing for medicinal quality — not maximum yield]

HARVEST PROTOCOL
Phenological stage: [specific indicator — not date]
Time of day: [morning after dew / specific reason]
Volume to take: [maximum % of plant / stand]

POST-HARVEST
Fresh tincture: [yes / no — and why for this species]
Drying if required: [temperature / method]

QUALITY INDICATORS
Sensory: [what peak-quality product should smell/taste like]
Brix target: [if known for this species]
Lab test: [constituent and threshold if commercial]

SUSTAINABLE HARVEST RATE
[Maximum sustainable harvest from this planting per year]
```

**Next steps:**
- Run drying-and-processing (within this skill) — medicinal-quality drying requires specific temperature discipline that follows directly from growing-for-potency.
- `/s4ag-wildcrafting` — if sourcing any medicinal herbs from wild populations, sustainable harvest protocols are mandatory before quality is meaningful.
- `/s4ag-direct-marketing` — medicinal herbs at genuine quality command significant premiums; market and story decisions follow from quality documentation.