S4ag Goats

---
name: s4ag-goats
description: "Goat management for dairy, meat, fibre, or land clearing. Use when the user asks about goats, milking, kidding, browse, FAMACHA, fencing for goats, goat breeds, land clearing with goats, or says 'my goat'."
allowed-tools: [Read]
---

# Goats

Goats are versatile land managers and productive animals — but they are also the most escape-prone and browse-destructive livestock on most farms. Managing them well means matching the breed and system to the goal, building fencing that actually holds them, understanding their nutritional needs as browsers rather than grazers, and staying ahead of the internal parasite pressure that limits most small-scale goat enterprises. This skill works through the five decision areas where goats reward careful thinking: system selection, dairy management, land clearing, nutrition, and health.

**How this skill works:** Each sub-tool pauses at a **Checkpoint** to confirm the assumptions it is about to build on before producing output. A recommendation built on a wrong assumption wastes time and money — confirm the checkpoint before acting. Each sub-tool ends with **Next steps** — the skills worth running once you have acted on this one.

---

## Expert Lineage

*The thinkers whose frameworks underpin this skill — and what they specifically discovered that changes how you farm.*

**Cheryl K. Smith — Goat Health as a System**
Smith's *Goat Health Care* is the most comprehensive health reference for goats in small-scale settings. Her specific contribution: goat health problems are almost always management problems first. Worm burden, the single biggest killer in small goat enterprises, is a function of stocking density, pasture rotation, and when animals are moved relative to larval reinfection cycles. Addressing the management system prevents most of the health crises that drive small producers out of goats.

**Gail Damerow — Dairy Goat Practical Management**
Damerow's *Storey's Guide to Raising Dairy Goats* documented what actually matters in small dairy goat operations: the relationship between kidding management, colostrum quality, and kid survival; the connection between dry-off management and mastitis rates; and the breed-specific differences in milk composition and temperament that determine which breed suits which farm context. Her finding: most dairy goat failures trace to the three weeks around kidding, not the rest of the lactation.

**Aldo Leopold — Browse, Succession, and Landscape Ecology**
Leopold's documentation of browsing pressure on vegetation structure — particularly in *A Sand County Almanac* and his Southwest deer and goat range work — established the ecological case for managing browse impact. His insight: browsers remove the woody perennial root systems and shrub layer that sustain fungal soil networks. Unmanaged goat browsing does not just remove vegetation — it changes the successional trajectory of the land. The implication for goat managers: rotation and recovery are not optional if land function is to be maintained.

**Allan Savory — Recovery Periods in Managed Grazing**
Savory's Holistic Planned Grazing framework, developed for cattle in brittle environments, applies directly to goats used for land clearing. His core finding: the length of the recovery period between grazing events determines whether a system builds or degrades land. Too-short recovery allows reinfection with worm larvae and prevents vegetation recovery. Too-long periods allow over-mature growth and under-utilised land. The planning process — not the stocking rate — is the management variable.

**Jan Hulsen — Goat Observation and Behaviour Signals**
Hulsen's work on reading livestock body language and behaviour as management indicators changes the daily routine of goat keeping. His insight: a goat's posture, social position, and feeding behaviour telegraph health and nutritional status before clinical signs appear. Producers who learn to read their animals intervene earlier, spend less on treatment, and lose fewer animals. Daily observation with a diagnostic frame replaces reactive problem-solving.

**Elaine Ingham — Soil Food Web and Browse Recovery**
Ingham's framework explains why rotational management of goat browsing matters at the soil level. Woody shrubs and tree roots sustain the fungal-dominated soil biology that is most productive for perennial vegetation. When goats strip these plants without recovery time, they collapse the fungal networks that allowed those plants to thrive. In targeted grazing programmes, understanding the food web status of the browsed area — and building in adequate recovery — is what separates land improvement from land degradation.

---

## Which tool fits

| You need to... | Tool |
|---|---|
| Choose the right breed and system for your goal | system-selection |
| Manage milking, breeding, kidding, or mastitis | dairy-management |
| Use goats to clear scrub, brush, or invasives | land-clearing |
| Understand what goats need to eat and how to provide it | nutrition |
| Diagnose or prevent worms, foot rot, CAE, or other health issues | health-basics |

## Routing Decision

- **Just got goats or planning to — don't know where to start** → system-selection
- **Currently milking or planning to milk** → dairy-management
- **Have a scrub, blackberry, or invasive weed problem** → land-clearing
- **Goats look thin, are not thriving, or you're unsure what to feed** → nutrition
- **Goats are scouring, have pale gums, have foot problems, or you've lost animals** → health-basics
- **New to goats, no clear focus yet** → system-selection first; it will route to the others

---

## System Selection

*Matches breed and management system to the farmer's goal before any other decision is made.*

Get the system wrong and every downstream decision is harder. A dairy breed in a land-clearing role produces poor results and requires expensive feeding. A meat breed milked for dairy underperforms and frustrates. A large herd without adequate fencing infrastructure becomes a management crisis. Clarify the goal before choosing the breed.

**Step 1: Define the primary goal.**

| Goal | Implications |
|---|---|
| Fresh milk for household or small sales | Dairy breed, twice-daily milking, kidding management |
| Cheese, yoghurt, value-added dairy | As above, plus volume — minimum 3–5 does in milk |
| Meat production | Meat breed or dual-purpose; seasonal kidding; pasture-based if possible |
| Fibre (mohair, cashmere) | Angora or cashmere breed; shearing calendar; fleece quality management |
| Land clearing and scrub management | Hardy landrace or multi-purpose breed; strong fencing; rotational management |
| Mixed — some of all | Dual-purpose breed; smaller scale; accept lower peak performance on each goal |

**Step 2: Match breed to goal and climate.**

| Breed | Best for | Climate suitability | Character |
|---|---|---|---|
| Saanen | Maximum milk volume | Temperate; sensitive to sun and cold | Docile; high input requirement |
| Nubian | Rich milk (high fat); dual-purpose | Warm/subtropical; cold-tolerant with shelter | Vocal; strong personality |
| Nigerian Dwarf | Small-scale dairy; small properties | Adaptable | Friendly; good for beginners |
| Boer | Meat production | Hardy; wide range | Calm; good mothers |
| Kiko | Meat; parasite-resistant; low input | Broad; especially good in humid climates | Independent; good for rotational systems |
| Angora | Mohair fibre | Temperate, dry; poor in wet cold | Requires good nutrition; shearing management |
| Cashmere types | Fibre; hardiness | Alpine and arid conditions | Hardy; lower maintenance |
| Spanish / Brush goat | Land clearing; hardy | Very adaptable | Strong; good at browse; escape artists |
| Australian Rangeland | Land clearing; meat | Arid to semi-arid | Very hardy; minimal input |

**Step 3: Fencing reality check.**
Goats are not contained by standard sheep or cattle fencing. Before acquiring goats, confirm:
- Electric netting (5-wire minimum) or purpose-built woven wire with hot top and bottom wires.
- Height: minimum 1.2m; 1.5m for active breeds or bucks.
- No horizontal rails — goats climb them.
- Separate buck housing — bucks in rut will destroy ordinary fencing.

Budget for fencing before budgeting for animals. Most first-year goat problems are fencing problems.

**Step 4: Estimate the numbers that make sense.**
- Minimum herd for dairy: 2–3 does (disease risk management, social behaviour, continuous supply).
- Land clearing: 5–10 goats per hectare of dense brush for active clearing; less for maintenance.
- Meat: 10+ does to make breeding and slaughter economics work at small scale.

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- What is the primary goal — dairy, meat, fibre, or land management? If mixed, what is the priority?
- What fencing is already in place, and what is the budget to upgrade it?
- Is this a first-time goat operation, or adding to an existing system?

Mismatching breed to goal or underestimating fencing cost are the two most common first-year failures — confirm both before any recommendation is finalised.

**Output:**
```
GOAT SYSTEM RECOMMENDATION

Primary goal: [dairy / meat / fibre / land clearing / mixed]

Recommended breed(s): [breed]
  Why: [one-sentence fit to goal and context]
  Alternative: [second option if relevant]

Herd size to start: [number of does + [1 buck / access to buck service]]

Fencing requirement:
  Current: [description if given]
  Needed: [specification]
  Priority upgrades: [first action]

System type: [rotational paddock / tethering / intensive housed / extensive range]

First 90 days:
  1. [fencing action]
  2. [sourcing and acquisition]
  3. [first management priority]
```

**Next steps:**
- Run **dairy-management** (within this skill) if the goal is milk production.
- Run **land-clearing** (within this skill) if the goal is scrub management.
- `/s4ag-fencing` — fencing is the first physical infrastructure requirement; plan it before sourcing animals.

---

## Dairy Management

*Covers milking routine, breeding, kidding management, and mastitis prevention for small-scale dairy goat enterprises.*

Dairy goat management is organised around the lactation cycle: dry the doe, flush for breeding, breed, manage pregnancy, kid successfully, establish milking, maintain production, dry off. Get the transitions between phases right and the rest of the cycle is manageable. Miss a transition — poor dry-off management, inadequate colostrum at birth, late detection of mastitis — and problems compound.

**The lactation calendar (standard dairy doe):**

| Phase | Duration | Key management actions |
|---|---|---|
| Late lactation → dry-off | 2–4 weeks | Reduce milking frequency; abrupt cessation; dry cow therapy if indicated |
| Dry period | 6–8 weeks | Condition scoring; nutrition adjustment; pre-kidding colostrum check |
| Flushing for breeding | 3–4 weeks before breeding | Slight increase in feed quality (not quantity); improves conception rate |
| Breeding | 21-day oestrous cycles; breed over 2 cycles | Observed natural service or AI; record dates for kidding calendar |
| Pregnancy | 150 days | Nutrition in last 6 weeks critical; avoid ketosis |
| Kidding | Hours to 2 days | Colostrum within 2 hours; assist only if needed; kid ID |
| Early lactation | Weeks 2–8 | Peak milk; highest feed demand; mastitis risk highest |
| Mid-late lactation | Months 2–10 | Routine milking; monthly SCC monitoring if selling |

**Milking routine:**
- Twice daily at consistent times; goats are creatures of habit.
- Pre-dip with iodine teat dip; wipe with individual paper towel.
- Fore-strip 3 squirts per teat — watch for clots or watery milk (mastitis sign).
- Milk fully; incomplete milking causes mastitis.
- Post-dip immediately after each animal.
- Clean all equipment with hot water, then iodine sanitiser, before each milking.

**Mastitis management:**
Mastitis is the leading cause of premature culling in dairy does. Most cases are preventable.

Prevention:
- Clean milking routine (above) — the single most important factor.
- California Mastitis Test (CMT) monthly; catches subclinical cases before they become clinical.
- Dry-off management: abrupt cessation or intramammary dry-off tube at final milking.
- Culling high-SCC does — chronic infected does shed bacteria to the rest of the herd.

Detection: CMT score ≥2+, clots in fore-strip, hot or swollen udder, reduced yield on one side.

Treatment: Culture before treating where possible — not all mastitis responds to the same antibiotic. Mild cases: supportive care, frequent stripping, NSAIDs for pain. Severe: veterinary prescription antibiotic course. Withhold milk per treatment label.

**Kidding management:**
- Prepare a clean kidding pen (2–3m²) 2 weeks before due date.
- Know the normal signs of labour: mucus discharge, softening of ligaments either side of tail head, udder bagging up 24–48 hours before.
- Normal kidding: first kid born within 30 minutes of active straining; subsequent kids within 15 minutes. Intervene with lubricated gloved hand if no progress in 30 minutes of straining.
- Colostrum: 10% of birth weight within 2 hours, 20% within 12 hours. Frozen colostrum bank is insurance for difficult births.
- Kid ID: tag both ears at 24 hours; weigh and record.

**CAE (Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis):**
CAE is a lentivirus spread primarily through colostrum and milk from infected does to kids. It is incurable and limits production and longevity. Prevention: test all breeding animals annually; heat-treat or use CAE-negative colostrum for all kids; separate kids at birth on CAE-positive properties.

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- Is this an existing herd with established lactation, or a new enterprise planning first kidding?
- Is the milk for home use or sale? (Sale triggers legal requirements in most jurisdictions.)
- Is CAE status known for the herd?

Building a milking recommendation on unknown CAE status or without clarifying the end use of the milk can produce advice that is legal for home use but non-compliant for sale.

**Output:**
```
DAIRY MANAGEMENT PLAN

Herd: [number of does, breeds, current lactation stage]
Milk use: [home / licensed sale]
CAE status: [known positive / negative / unknown — test recommended]

MILKING ROUTINE
Frequency: [twice daily / once daily]
Timing: [morning / evening — 12 hours apart]
Hygiene protocol: [pre-dip / fore-strip / milk / post-dip / equipment clean]

LACTATION CALENDAR
Current phase: [phase]
Next transition: [phase change and date]
Actions due: [list]

MASTITIS MONITORING
CMT frequency: [monthly]
Current SCC status: [if known]
Does to watch: [any flagged]

BREEDING PLAN
Does to breed: [number]
Target kidding date: [date range]
Breeding method: [natural / AI]
Buck source: [own / borrowed / AI semen]

COLOSTRUM BANK
Status: [have / need to build — source]
```

**Next steps:**
- Run **nutrition** (within this skill) — dairy does have the highest nutritional demands of any goat; get this right or production drops.
- Run **health-basics** (within this skill) — mastitis and CAE management require a health programme, not just reactive treatment.
- `/s4ag-finance` — small dairy goat enterprises need a gross margin calculation before scaling; milk volume, feed cost, and culling strategy determine whether it pays.

---

## Land Clearing

*Uses goats as a targeted grazing and browsing tool for scrub, brush, and invasive plant management.*

Goats are the only common farm livestock that actively prefer woody browse over grass. This makes them uniquely effective for scrub management, blackberry and briar clearing, invasive control on steep ground, and fire risk reduction in fire-prone landscapes. But used without a plan, goats convert desirable vegetation to bare ground and then to erosion. The difference between land improvement and land degradation is rotation, timing, and stocking density.

**When goats are the right tool:**

| Problem | Goat suitability | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Blackberry / bramble | High | Goats browse to stem; repeat visits required; bramble regrows without follow-up |
| Gorse / furze | High | Hardy breeds handle thorns; high fire-risk fuel reduction |
| Bracken fern | Moderate | Young fronds eaten; mature bracken avoided and mildly toxic; manage young growth |
| Privet, hawthorn, willow | High | Useful for woody invasive control; will also damage desirable trees — guard them |
| Grass and rank pasture | Low | Goats prefer browse; cattle or sheep are more efficient for grass management |
| Steep or rough ground | High | Goats are more effective than machinery on slopes; reduces erosion risk from mechanical clearing |
| Orchard floor management | Moderate | Keep away from tree trunks and lower branches; use electric temporary fencing |

**Stocking density and timing:**

| Objective | Stocking rate | Duration in area | Recovery period |
|---|---|---|---|
| Active heavy clearing | 8–15 goats/ha | 3–7 days (until 70% browse removed) | 60–90 days minimum |
| Maintenance after initial clearing | 3–6 goats/ha | 2–4 days | 45–60 days |
| Fire risk reduction | 5–8 goats/ha | Until fuel load reduced | 30–45 days |
| Invasive species control | 5–10 goats/ha | Until flowering stems removed | 21–28 days (match to plant growth cycle) |

**The rotation logic (Ingham lens):**
Heavy browsing removes the above-ground biomass of woody plants. The root systems — and the fungal networks they sustain — survive short, intensive browsing events. Long continuous pressure kills the root systems and the fungal biology with them, converting browse-capable land to compacted bare ground. Move goats before the root systems are stressed; give the vegetation long enough to rebuild above-ground biomass before the next grazing.

**Protecting desirable plants:**
- Individual tree guards for any trees or shrubs to be retained: electric fence cordon or tree tubes.
- Remove goats when browse coverage drops below 30% in the area — below this, they begin working on plants that should recover.
- Mark desirable plants before introducing animals — goats do not distinguish.

**Weed control integration:**
For invasive species: goats are most effective at the flowering or bud stage — preventing seed set reduces regrowth pressure more than reducing biomass. Time introductions to catch plants before or at bud stage.

For blackberry: minimum 3 seasons of targeted grazing to exhaust root reserves. Year 1 removes above-ground growth; years 2 and 3 intercept regrowth before it hardens. Combine with overseeding of desirable species after each clearance to outcompete regrowth.

**Safety — toxic plants:**
Several common plants are toxic to goats. Before introducing goats to any new area, walk it and identify what's present.

| Toxic plant | Symptom | Risk level |
|---|---|---|
| Rhododendron / azalea | Drooling, vomiting, weakness | High — avoid entirely |
| Yew | Sudden death | Extreme — exclude completely |
| Ragwort | Liver failure (cumulative) | High — remove before grazing |
| Bracken (mature) | Blood disorders | Moderate — manage access |
| Oleander | Cardiac failure | Extreme — exclude completely |
| St John's Wort | Photosensitisation | Moderate |

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- What specific vegetation needs to be managed — type, extent, and density?
- Is the land to be cleared destined for replanting, pasture, or ongoing browse management?
- Are there any desirable trees or plants that must be protected?

Introducing goats without a plant ID check and a protection plan for desirable vegetation risks clearing what should be kept while missing what needs to go.

**Output:**
```
LAND CLEARING PLAN

Target vegetation: [species / type]
Area: [hectares or description]
Objective: [clear once / ongoing maintenance / fire risk reduction / invasive control]

Recommended breed for this task: [breed]
Stocking rate: [goats/ha]
Duration per rotation: [days]
Recovery period: [days]

Rotation sequence:
  Block 1: [description / dates]
  Block 2: [description / dates]
  [etc.]

Toxic plant check:
  Present: [list any identified]
  Action: [remove / fence exclusion / no action needed]

Desirable plants to protect:
  [list with protection method]

Follow-up after clearing:
  [overseeding / mechanical follow-up / ongoing browse maintenance]

Year 1 clearing target: [measurable outcome]
```

**Next steps:**
- `/s4ag-livestock` — once initial clearing is done, integrate goats into a broader rotational grazing plan with recovery periods.
- `/s4ag-regenerative` — targeted browsing followed by planned recovery is a regenerative land management tool; map it into the wider system.
- Run **health-basics** (within this skill) — goats on new browse areas face higher worm larval exposure and toxic plant risk; a health monitoring plan is essential.

---

## Nutrition

*Establishes what goats need to eat, why they need it, and how to provide it — for dairy, meat, growing kids, and dry does.*

Goats are browsers, not grazers. Their digestive systems evolved for diversity — leaves, bark, forbs, shrubs — not for continuous high-quality pasture. Most nutritional problems in goats arise from treating them like sheep or cattle: either over-relying on pasture (which does not meet their browse requirements) or over-feeding concentrate (which causes acidosis and metabolic disease). The goal is to design a feeding system that matches their biology.

**Energy and protein requirements by class:**

| Animal class | Condition / stage | Daily dry matter (DM) | Crude protein target | Energy priority |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry doe, maintenance | Non-pregnant | 2.5–3% body weight | 10–12% CP | Low — manage condition not production |
| Late pregnancy (last 6 weeks) | Rapid foetal growth | 3–4% BW | 14–16% CP | Critical — ketosis risk if underfed |
| Lactating doe, early | Peak milk | 5–6% BW | 16–18% CP | High — cannot eat enough without concentrate |
| Lactating doe, mid-late | Declining | 4–5% BW | 14–16% CP | Moderate — reduce concentrate progressively |
| Buck, non-breeding | Maintenance | 2.5–3% BW | 10% CP | Low |
| Buck, breeding season | Active service | 3–4% BW | 14% CP | Moderate — condition must be maintained |
| Growing kid, 0–3 months | Milk + starter | Milk ad lib + starter from week 2 | High protein from milk | Growth rate priority |
| Growing kid, 3–6 months | Weaned | 3–4% BW | 16% CP | Growth |

**The browse requirement:**
Goats need access to diverse plant material — not just grass — to maintain rumen health, mineral balance, and natural behaviour. Where browse is limited:
- Offer hay with variety: mixed meadow hay, lucerne/alfalfa, hedge prunings.
- Avoid single-species ryegrass hay as the only roughage.
- Tree browsing (willow, hazel, ash pollarding) is a cost-effective supplement in winter.

**Minerals — where goats differ from sheep and cattle:**
- Copper: goats need 2–3x more dietary copper than sheep. Products labelled for sheep are dangerously low. Use goat-specific minerals.
- Selenium: deficiency is common in selenium-poor soils; causes white muscle disease in kids. Supplement in deficient regions.
- Zinc: supports hoof health and immune function; often low in grass-dominant diets.
- Calcium:phosphorus ratio: should be 2:1 to 2.5:1. Grain-heavy diets invert this ratio and cause urinary calculi, especially in males.

**Concentrate management:**
- Introduce any new feed slowly over 7–14 days to allow rumen microbiome adjustment.
- Maximum safe concentrate level: 40–50% of diet dry matter. Above this, acidosis risk increases sharply.
- Feed concentrate split across twice-daily feeds; never offer a large single meal.
- Pregnancy toxaemia (twin lamb disease equivalent): late-pregnancy does with triplets or large singles need concentrate starting 6 weeks before kidding; failure causes fatal ketosis.

**Browsing as medicine:**
Goats self-medicate through browse. Access to a diverse range of plants — including plants with tannins (oak, hawthorn, bramble, birch) — reduces worm burden. Tannin-rich browse reduces larval development in the gut and has a measurable effect on faecal egg counts. Designing the grazing area to include tannin-rich shrubs is part of an integrated worm management strategy.

**Body condition scoring (BCS):**
Score 1–5; target 3–3.5 for productive animals.
- BCS 1–2: underweight; increase feed immediately; check for disease or worm burden.
- BCS 3: ideal.
- BCS 4–5: overweight; reduce concentrate; increase exercise; risk of kidding problems and fatty liver.

Score all does at dry-off, mid-pregnancy, pre-kidding, and peak lactation as minimum.

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- What is the primary class of animal being fed — dry does, lactating does, growing kids, bucks?
- What forage is available on the property — pasture only, browse available, hay type?
- Is the mineral supplementation currently goat-specific, or shared with sheep or cattle?

Using sheep-formulated minerals for goats causes copper deficiency; underfeeding late-pregnancy does causes ketosis — both are common and preventable errors that confirm before producing a recommendation.

**Output:**
```
GOAT NUTRITION PLAN

Animal class: [class and stage]
Current body condition: [BCS if known]
Forage base: [pasture / browse / hay type]

DAILY FEED PROGRAMME
Roughage: [description, kg DM/head/day]
Concentrate: [type, kg/head/day — split morning/evening]
Browse / supplement: [source and access]

MINERAL PROGRAMME
Product: [goat-specific mineral — brand if known]
Delivery method: [loose lick / bolus / in feed]
Selenium status: [supplement / not needed — state basis]

CONDITION TARGETS
Current BCS: [score]
Target BCS: [score]
Timeline to target: [weeks]
Adjustment: [increase / decrease feed by how much]

WATCH FOR
- [stage-specific risk — e.g. ketosis in late pregnancy]
- [mineral deficiency signs relevant to region]
```

**Next steps:**
- Run **health-basics** (within this skill) — worm burden and nutrition interact directly; a FAMACHA check during any nutrition review catches the most common cause of poor condition.
- `/s4ag-soil` — browse quality is a function of the soil biology the plants grow in; Ingham's food web lens applies to the pasture and browse base as much as to any crop.
- `/s4ag-agroforestry` — integrating browse trees (willow, hazel, mulberry) into the farm system provides mineral-rich supplementary feed and tannin-rich worm-suppressing browse.

---

## Health Basics

*Prevents and addresses the most common health problems in goats: internal parasites, foot problems, CAE, and respiratory disease.*

Internal parasites are the primary health challenge in small-scale goat management and the leading cause of failure in first-year goat enterprises. The biology of the barber's pole worm (*Haemonchus contortus*) and related species favours warm, moist conditions — exactly the conditions small-farm goats often face. The conventional approach (calendar drenching) has produced widespread anthelmintic resistance. The current best-practice standard is targeted selective treatment using the FAMACHA system, supported by pasture management.

**FAMACHA — the worm management foundation:**

FAMACHA scores eye mucous membrane colour on a 1–5 scale:
- 1 (red): no treatment needed.
- 2 (pink-red): no treatment needed.
- 3 (pink): borderline — recheck in 2 weeks; treat if declining.
- 4 (pink-white): treat.
- 5 (white): treat immediately; supplement energy; may not survive.

FAMACHA principle: only treat animals that need treatment. Untreated animals carry susceptible worm populations in their guts that dilute resistant populations from treated animals. Treating all animals drives resistance faster than any other management decision.

Complement FAMACHA with:
- Faecal egg counts (FEC) to monitor herd burden and treatment efficacy.
- Refugia management: always leave 10–20% of the herd untreated as a refuge population.
- Rotate pastures with recovery periods >28 days (most larvae die in the top 5cm of soil within 3–4 weeks in dry conditions; longer in wet cool conditions).

**Drench selection and resistance testing:**
Anthelmintic resistance is now near-universal for at least one drug class on most goat properties. Test your drench efficacy with a drench efficacy test (FEC before and 10–14 days after treatment; 95%+ reduction expected). Rotate between classes — benzimidazoles (white), levamisole (clear), macrocyclic lactones (mectin) — or use combination products where resistance to individual classes is confirmed.

**Foot health:**

Goats on wet ground or high-stocking-density systems commonly develop:

| Condition | Signs | Cause | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foot scald | Redness, mild lameness, moist between digits | *Fusobacterium necrophorum* | Zinc sulphate foot bath; dry conditions |
| Foot rot | Strong smell, separation of hoof wall, severe lameness | *Dichelobacter nodosus* | Trim affected tissue; zinc sulphate bath; antibiotic if severe |
| Laminitis | All four feet painful; goat reluctant to move; rings on hooves | Acidosis / dietary | Reduce concentrate; NSAIDs; deep bedding |

Prevention: regular hoof trimming (every 6–8 weeks in wet conditions), dry housing, zinc sulphate footbath monthly in wet periods.

**CAE management summary:**
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis is a lentivirus. In adults it causes progressive arthritis in the carpal joints (knees) and chronic weight loss; in kids under 6 months it causes neurological signs (circling, paralysis). There is no treatment and no vaccine. Management is prevention:
- Annual blood test all breeding animals.
- Heat-treat colostrum (56°C for 1 hour) or source CAE-negative colostrum for all kids.
- If positive animals are present: separate kids at birth, raise on CAE-negative colostrum, maintain strict separation from positive animals.

**Respiratory disease:**
Most respiratory disease in goats is secondary to stress, poor ventilation, or viral infection. *Mannheimia haemolytica* and *Pasteurella multocida* are the most common bacterial causes of fatal pneumonia.

Prevention: adequate ventilation in housing (no draughts, but not sealed); separate sick animals immediately; reduce stress events (weaning, transport, new introductions).

Vaccination: *Mannheimia/Pasteurella* vaccines are available; worth using in herds with a history of respiratory losses. Follow vaccination protocols and maintain cold chain.

**Emergency recognition — when to call a vet:**
- FAMACHA score 5 with pale gums: emergency.
- Animal unable to stand or rise: same day veterinary contact.
- Bloat: hard, distended left flank + distress; 30-minute response needed.
- Kidding: straining for more than 30 minutes without progress.
- Signs of tetanus (stiffness, jaw tension, sensitivity to touch): emergency.
- Suspected poisoning (rhododendron, yew, ragwort ingestion).

**Checkpoint — confirm before finalising:**
- Is the current worm management programme calendar drenching or targeted selective treatment?
- Do you know the FAMACHA method, or is this new?
- What is the CAE status of the herd?

Calendar drenching into a resistant population accelerates resistance without improving animal health; FAMACHA is the single most impactful change most goat owners can make to their health programme — confirm current practice before advising on it.

**Output:**
```
GOAT HEALTH PROGRAMME

Herd: [number, classes, location / climate]
Current worm management: [calendar drenching / FAMACHA / unknown]
CAE status: [tested negative / tested positive / untested]
Recent health problems: [list if given]

FAMACHA PROTOCOL
Frequency: [monthly minimum; every 2 weeks in high-risk season]
Scoring: FAMACHA 1–2 = no treatment; 3 = recheck; 4–5 = treat
Drench used: [product and class]
Last drench efficacy test: [date or "not done — schedule"]

WORM MANAGEMENT ACTIONS
Refugia target: [leave 15–20% untreated]
Pasture rotation: [current system / recommended minimum recovery period]
FEC monitoring: [quarterly / before and after treatment]

FOOT HEALTH
Current condition: [status]
Hoof trimming frequency: [current / recommended]
Footbath protocol: [zinc sulphate [X%] / frequency]

CAE MANAGEMENT
Kid rearing protocol: [colostrum source / heat treatment status]
Annual testing: [in place / not in place]

VACCINATION
Current: [list vaccines in use]
Recommended additions: [Mannheimia/Pasteurella if respiratory history]

VETERINARY CONTACT
Local vet with goat experience: [confirm in place]
Emergency contact: [24-hour number confirmed / to find]
```

**Next steps:**
- Run **nutrition** (within this skill) — worm burden and poor condition are frequently compounded by nutritional deficiency; address both together.
- `/s4ag-livestock` — integrating goat health management into a broader planned grazing framework that includes adequate recovery periods reduces worm exposure at the pasture level.
- `/s4ag-soil` — browse and pasture quality affects immune function; Ingham's food web lens applied to the grazing area builds the plant health that supports animal health.