Source 16e16d212ff6579693db9d27

---
name: go
description: Appwrite Go SDK skill. Use when building server-side Go applications with Appwrite. Covers user management, database/table CRUD, file storage, and functions via API keys. Uses per-service packages and functional options pattern.
---


# Appwrite Go SDK

## Installation

```bash
go get github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-go
```

## Setting Up the Client

```go
import (
    "os"

    "github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-go/client"
    "github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-go/id"
    "github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-go/users"
    "github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-go/tablesdb"
    "github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-go/storage"
)

clt := client.New(
    client.WithEndpoint("https://<REGION>.cloud.appwrite.io/v1"),
    client.WithProject(os.Getenv("APPWRITE_PROJECT_ID")),
    client.WithKey(os.Getenv("APPWRITE_API_KEY")),
)
```

## Code Examples

### User Management

```go
service := users.New(clt)

// Create user
user, err := service.Create(
    id.Unique(),
    "user@example.com",
    "password123",
    users.WithCreateName("User Name"),
)

// List users
list, err := service.List()

// Get user
fetched, err := service.Get("[USER_ID]")

// Delete user
_, err = service.Delete("[USER_ID]")
```

### Database Operations

> **Note:** Use `TablesDB` (not the deprecated `Databases` class) for all new code. Only use `Databases` if the existing codebase already relies on it or the user explicitly requests it.
>
> **Tip:** Prefer explicit functional option parameters (e.g., `tablesdb.WithUpdateRowData(...)`) over bare positional arguments where available. Only use positional-only style if the existing codebase already uses it or the user explicitly requests it.

```go
service := tablesdb.New(clt)

// Create database
db, err := service.Create(id.Unique(), "My Database")

// Create row
doc, err := service.CreateRow(
    "[DATABASE_ID]",
    "[TABLE_ID]",
    id.Unique(),
    map[string]interface{}{"title": "Hello World"},
)

// List rows
results, err := service.ListRows("[DATABASE_ID]", "[TABLE_ID]")

// Get row
row, err := service.GetRow("[DATABASE_ID]", "[TABLE_ID]", "[ROW_ID]")

// Update row
_, err = service.UpdateRow(
    "[DATABASE_ID]",
    "[TABLE_ID]",
    "[ROW_ID]",
    tablesdb.WithUpdateRowData(map[string]interface{}{"title": "Updated"}),
)

// Delete row
_, err = service.DeleteRow("[DATABASE_ID]", "[TABLE_ID]", "[ROW_ID]")
```

#### String Column Types

> **Note:** The legacy `string` type is deprecated. Use explicit column types for all new columns.

| Type | Max characters | Indexing | Storage |
|------|---------------|----------|---------|
| `varchar` | 16,383 | Full index (if size ≤ 768) | Inline in row |
| `text` | 16,383 | Prefix only | Off-page |
| `mediumtext` | 4,194,303 | Prefix only | Off-page |
| `longtext` | 1,073,741,823 | Prefix only | Off-page |

- `varchar` is stored inline and counts towards the 64 KB row size limit. Prefer for short, indexed fields like names, slugs, or identifiers.
- `text`, `mediumtext`, and `longtext` are stored off-page (only a 20-byte pointer lives in the row), so they don't consume the row size budget. `size` is not required for these types.

```go
// Create table with explicit string column types
_, err = service.CreateTable(
    "[DATABASE_ID]",
    id.Unique(),
    "articles",
    tablesdb.WithCreateTableColumns([]map[string]interface{}{
        {"key": "title",    "type": "varchar",    "size": 255, "required": true},
        {"key": "summary",  "type": "text",                    "required": false},
        {"key": "body",     "type": "mediumtext",              "required": false},
        {"key": "raw_data", "type": "longtext",                "required": false},
    }),
)
```

### Query Methods

```go
import "github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-go/query"

// Filtering
query.Equal("field", "value")             // == (or pass slice for IN)
query.NotEqual("field", "value")          // !=
query.LessThan("field", 100)             // <
query.LessThanEqual("field", 100)        // <=
query.GreaterThan("field", 100)          // >
query.GreaterThanEqual("field", 100)     // >=
query.Between("field", 1, 100)           // 1 <= field <= 100
query.IsNull("field")                    // is null
query.IsNotNull("field")                 // is not null
query.StartsWith("field", "prefix")      // starts with
query.EndsWith("field", "suffix")        // ends with
query.Contains("field", "sub")           // contains
query.Search("field", "keywords")        // full-text search (requires index)

// Sorting
query.OrderAsc("field")
query.OrderDesc("field")

// Pagination
query.Limit(25)                          // max rows (default 25, max 100)
query.Offset(0)                          // skip N rows
query.CursorAfter("[ROW_ID]")            // cursor pagination (preferred)
query.CursorBefore("[ROW_ID]")

// Selection & Logic
query.Select([]string{"field1", "field2"})
query.Or([]string{query.Equal("a", 1), query.Equal("b", 2)})    // OR
query.And([]string{query.GreaterThan("age", 18), query.LessThan("age", 65)})  // AND (default)
```

### File Storage

```go
import "github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-go/file"

service := storage.New(clt)

// Upload file
f, err := service.CreateFile(
    "[BUCKET_ID]",
    "[FILE_ID]",
    file.NewInputFile("/path/to/file.png", "file.png"),
)

// List files
files, err := service.ListFiles("[BUCKET_ID]")

// Delete file
_, err = service.DeleteFile("[BUCKET_ID]", "[FILE_ID]")
```

#### InputFile Factory Methods

```go
import "github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-go/file"

file.NewInputFile("/path/to/file.png", "file.png")          // from filesystem path
file.NewInputFileFromReader(reader, "file.png", size)        // from io.Reader (size required)
file.NewInputFileFromBytes(data, "file.png")                 // from []byte
```

### Teams

```go
import "github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-go/teams"

svc := teams.New(clt)

// Create team
team, err := svc.Create(id.Unique(), "Engineering")

// List teams
list, err := svc.List()

// Create membership (invite user by email)
membership, err := svc.CreateMembership(
    "[TEAM_ID]",
    []string{"editor"},
    teams.WithCreateMembershipEmail("user@example.com"),
)

// List memberships
members, err := svc.ListMemberships("[TEAM_ID]")

// Update membership roles
_, err = svc.UpdateMembership("[TEAM_ID]", "[MEMBERSHIP_ID]", []string{"admin"})

// Delete team
_, err = svc.Delete("[TEAM_ID]")
```

> **Role-based access:** Use `role.Team("[TEAM_ID]")` for all team members or `role.Team("[TEAM_ID]", "editor")` for a specific team role when setting permissions.

### Serverless Functions

```go
import "github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-go/functions"

svc := functions.New(clt)

// Execute function
execution, err := svc.CreateExecution(
    "[FUNCTION_ID]",
    functions.WithCreateExecutionBody(`{"key": "value"}`),
)

// List executions
executions, err := svc.ListExecutions("[FUNCTION_ID]")
```

#### Writing a Function Handler (Go runtime)

```go
// src/main.go — Appwrite Function entry point
package handler

import (
    "github.com/open-runtimes/types-for-go/v4/openruntimes"
)

func Main(context openruntimes.Context) openruntimes.Response {
    // context.Req.Body        — raw body (string)
    // context.Req.BodyJson    — parsed JSON (map[string]interface{})
    // context.Req.Headers     — headers (map[string]string)
    // context.Req.Method      — HTTP method
    // context.Req.Path        — URL path
    // context.Req.Query       — query params (map[string]string)

    context.Log("Processing: " + context.Req.Method + " " + context.Req.Path)

    if context.Req.Method == "GET" {
        return context.Res.Json(map[string]interface{}{"message": "Hello!"})
    }

    return context.Res.Json(map[string]interface{}{"success": true})
    // context.Res.Text("Hello")                  // plain text
    // context.Res.Empty()                         // 204
    // context.Res.Redirect("https://...")          // 302
}
```

### Server-Side Rendering (SSR) Authentication

SSR apps using Go frameworks (net/http, Gin, Echo, Chi, etc.) use the **server SDK** to handle auth. You need two clients:

- **Admin client** — uses an API key, creates sessions, bypasses rate limits (reusable singleton)
- **Session client** — uses a session cookie, acts on behalf of a user (create per-request, never share)

```go
import (
    "github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-go/client"
    "github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-go/account"
)

// Admin client (reusable)
adminClient := client.New(
    client.WithEndpoint("https://<REGION>.cloud.appwrite.io/v1"),
    client.WithProject(os.Getenv("APPWRITE_PROJECT_ID")),
    client.WithKey(os.Getenv("APPWRITE_API_KEY")),
)

// Session client (create per-request)
sessionClient := client.New(
    client.WithEndpoint("https://<REGION>.cloud.appwrite.io/v1"),
    client.WithProject(os.Getenv("APPWRITE_PROJECT_ID")),
)

cookie, err := r.Cookie("a_session_[PROJECT_ID]")
if err == nil {
    sessionClient.SetSession(cookie.Value)
}
```

#### Email/Password Login

```go
http.HandleFunc("/login", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    svc := account.New(adminClient)
    session, err := svc.CreateEmailPasswordSession(r.FormValue("email"), r.FormValue("password"))
    if err != nil {
        http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
        return
    }

    // Cookie name must be a_session_<PROJECT_ID>
    http.SetCookie(w, &http.Cookie{
        Name:     "a_session_[PROJECT_ID]",
        Value:    session.Secret,
        HttpOnly: true,
        Secure:   true,
        SameSite: http.SameSiteStrictMode,
        Path:     "/",
    })

    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
    w.Write([]byte(`{"success": true}`))
})
```

#### Authenticated Requests

```go
http.HandleFunc("/user", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    cookie, err := r.Cookie("a_session_[PROJECT_ID]")
    if err != nil {
        http.Error(w, "Unauthorized", http.StatusUnauthorized)
        return
    }

    sessionClient := client.New(
        client.WithEndpoint("https://<REGION>.cloud.appwrite.io/v1"),
        client.WithProject(os.Getenv("APPWRITE_PROJECT_ID")),
        client.WithSession(cookie.Value),
    )

    svc := account.New(sessionClient)
    user, err := svc.Get()
    // Marshal user to JSON and write response
})
```

#### OAuth2 SSR Flow

```go
// Step 1: Redirect to OAuth provider
http.HandleFunc("/oauth", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    svc := account.New(adminClient)
    redirectURL, err := svc.CreateOAuth2Token(
        "github",
        account.WithCreateOAuth2TokenSuccess("https://example.com/oauth/success"),
        account.WithCreateOAuth2TokenFailure("https://example.com/oauth/failure"),
    )
    if err != nil {
        http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
        return
    }
    http.Redirect(w, r, redirectURL, http.StatusFound)
})

// Step 2: Handle callback — exchange token for session
http.HandleFunc("/oauth/success", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    svc := account.New(adminClient)
    session, err := svc.CreateSession(r.URL.Query().Get("userId"), r.URL.Query().Get("secret"))
    if err != nil {
        http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
        return
    }

    http.SetCookie(w, &http.Cookie{
        Name: "a_session_[PROJECT_ID]", Value: session.Secret,
        HttpOnly: true, Secure: true, SameSite: http.SameSiteStrictMode, Path: "/",
    })
    w.Write([]byte(`{"success": true}`))
})
```

> **Cookie security:** Always use `HttpOnly`, `Secure`, and `SameSiteStrictMode` to prevent XSS. The cookie name must be `a_session_<PROJECT_ID>`.

> **Forwarding user agent:** Call `sessionClient.SetForwardedUserAgent(r.Header.Get("User-Agent"))` to record the end-user's browser info for debugging and security.

## Error Handling

```go
import "github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-go/apperr"

doc, err := service.GetRow("[DATABASE_ID]", "[TABLE_ID]", "[ROW_ID]")
if err != nil {
    var appErr *apperr.AppwriteException
    if errors.As(err, &appErr) {
        fmt.Println(appErr.Message)    // human-readable message
        fmt.Println(appErr.Code)       // HTTP status code (int)
        fmt.Println(appErr.Type)       // error type (e.g. "document_not_found")
    }
}
```

**Common error codes:**

| Code | Meaning |
|------|---------|
| `401` | Unauthorized — missing or invalid session/API key |
| `403` | Forbidden — insufficient permissions |
| `404` | Not found — resource does not exist |
| `409` | Conflict — duplicate ID or unique constraint |
| `429` | Rate limited — too many requests |

## Permissions & Roles (Critical)

Appwrite uses permission strings to control access to resources. Each permission pairs an action (`read`, `update`, `delete`, `create`, or `write` which grants create + update + delete) with a role target. By default, **no user has access** unless permissions are explicitly set at the row/file level or inherited from the table/bucket settings. Permissions are arrays of strings built with the `permission` and `role` helpers.

```go
import (
    "github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-go/permission"
    "github.com/appwrite/sdk-for-go/role"
)
```

### Database Row with Permissions

```go
doc, err := service.CreateRow(
    "[DATABASE_ID]",
    "[TABLE_ID]",
    "[ROW_ID]",
    map[string]interface{}{"title": "Hello World"},
    tablesdb.WithCreateRowPermissions([]string{
        permission.Read(role.User("[USER_ID]")),     // specific user can read
        permission.Update(role.User("[USER_ID]")),   // specific user can update
        permission.Read(role.Team("[TEAM_ID]")),     // all team members can read
        permission.Read(role.Any()),                 // anyone (including guests) can read
    }),
)
```

### File Upload with Permissions

```go
f, err := service.CreateFile(
    "[BUCKET_ID]",
    "[FILE_ID]",
    file.NewInputFile("/path/to/file.png", "file.png"),
    storage.WithCreateFilePermissions([]string{
        permission.Read(role.Any()),
        permission.Update(role.User("[USER_ID]")),
        permission.Delete(role.User("[USER_ID]")),
    }),
)
```

> **When to set permissions:** Set row/file-level permissions when you need per-resource access control. If all rows in a table share the same rules, configure permissions at the table/bucket level and leave row permissions empty.

> **Common mistakes:**
> - **Forgetting permissions** — the resource becomes inaccessible to all users (including the creator)
> - **`role.Any()` with `write`/`update`/`delete`** — allows any user, including unauthenticated guests, to modify or remove the resource
> - **`permission.Read(role.Any())` on sensitive data** — makes the resource publicly readable