Astro content-focused web framework. Covers islands architecture, content collections, and multi-framework support. Use when building content-heavy or static websites. USE WHEN: user mentions "Astro", asks about "islands architecture", "content collections", "Astro components", "client directives", "Astro.glob", "static site generation with Astro", "multi-framework in Astro" DO NOT USE FOR: Next.js - use `nextjs-app-router` instead; Nuxt - use `nuxt3` instead; SvelteKit - use `sveltekit` in...
Scanned 9/8/2026
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---
name: astro
description: |
Astro content-focused web framework. Covers islands architecture,
content collections, and multi-framework support. Use when building
content-heavy or static websites.
USE WHEN: user mentions "Astro", asks about "islands architecture", "content collections", "Astro components", "client directives", "Astro.glob", "static site generation with Astro", "multi-framework in Astro"
DO NOT USE FOR: Next.js - use `nextjs-app-router` instead; Nuxt - use `nuxt3` instead; SvelteKit - use `sveltekit` instead; Gatsby - use Astro as modern alternative; pure React/Vue/Svelte - use respective framework skills
allowed-tools: Read, Grep, Glob, Write, Edit
---
# Astro Core Knowledge
> **Deep Knowledge**: Use `mcp__documentation__fetch_docs` with technology: `astro` for comprehensive documentation.
## Component Structure
```astro
---
// Component script (runs at build time)
import Header from '../components/Header.astro';
import ReactCounter from '../components/Counter.tsx';
const { title } = Astro.props;
const posts = await Astro.glob('./posts/*.md');
---
<!-- Component template -->
<html>
<head><title>{title}</title></head>
<body>
<Header />
<main>
<slot />
</main>
<!-- Island: hydrates on client -->
<ReactCounter client:load />
</body>
</html>
<style>
main { max-width: 800px; }
</style>
```
## Client Directives (Islands)
| Directive | Behavior |
|-----------|----------|
| `client:load` | Hydrate immediately |
| `client:idle` | Hydrate when idle |
| `client:visible` | Hydrate when visible |
| `client:media` | Hydrate on media query |
| `client:only` | Skip SSR, client only |
## Content Collections
```ts
// src/content/config.ts
import { defineCollection, z } from 'astro:content';
const blog = defineCollection({
type: 'content',
schema: z.object({
title: z.string(),
date: z.date(),
draft: z.boolean().default(false),
}),
});
export const collections = { blog };
```
```astro
---
import { getCollection } from 'astro:content';
const posts = await getCollection('blog', ({ data }) => !data.draft);
---
```
## Key Features
- Zero JS by default (ship HTML)
- Use React, Vue, Svelte together
- Content collections with type safety
- Built-in Markdown/MDX support
## Production Readiness
### Security Configuration
```typescript
// astro.config.mjs
import { defineConfig } from 'astro/config';
export default defineConfig({
security: {
checkOrigin: true, // CSRF protection for SSR
},
vite: {
define: {
// Never expose secrets to client
'import.meta.env.SECRET_KEY': 'undefined',
},
},
});
// src/middleware.ts
import { defineMiddleware } from 'astro:middleware';
export const onRequest = defineMiddleware(async (context, next) => {
const response = await next();
// Security headers
response.headers.set('X-Frame-Options', 'DENY');
response.headers.set('X-Content-Type-Options', 'nosniff');
response.headers.set('Referrer-Policy', 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin');
response.headers.set(
'Content-Security-Policy',
"default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'"
);
return response;
});
```
### Content Validation
```typescript
// src/content/config.ts
import { defineCollection, z, reference } from 'astro:content';
const blog = defineCollection({
type: 'content',
schema: ({ image }) =>
z.object({
title: z.string().max(100),
description: z.string().max(200),
date: z.date(),
author: reference('authors'),
cover: image().refine((img) => img.width >= 800, {
message: 'Cover image must be at least 800px wide',
}),
tags: z.array(z.string()).max(5),
draft: z.boolean().default(false),
}),
});
export const collections = { blog };
```
### Performance
```typescript
// astro.config.mjs
import { defineConfig } from 'astro/config';
import compress from 'astro-compress';
import sitemap from '@astrojs/sitemap';
export default defineConfig({
site: 'https://example.com',
integrations: [
sitemap(),
compress({
CSS: true,
HTML: true,
Image: true,
JavaScript: true,
SVG: true,
}),
],
build: {
inlineStylesheets: 'auto',
},
prefetch: {
prefetchAll: true,
defaultStrategy: 'viewport',
},
});
```
```astro
---
// Image optimization
import { Image, getImage } from 'astro:assets';
import heroImage from '../assets/hero.png';
const optimizedBackground = await getImage({ src: heroImage, format: 'webp' });
---
<Image
src={heroImage}
alt="Hero"
widths={[400, 800, 1200]}
sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px"
loading="eager"
/>
<!-- Lazy hydration for islands -->
<ReactWidget client:visible />
<!-- View Transitions -->
<ViewTransitions />
```
### Error Handling
```astro
---
// src/pages/404.astro
import Layout from '../layouts/Layout.astro';
---
<Layout title="Page Not Found">
<div class="error-page">
<h1>404</h1>
<p>Page not found</p>
<a href="/">Go home</a>
</div>
</Layout>
```
```astro
---
// src/pages/500.astro
import Layout from '../layouts/Layout.astro';
---
<Layout title="Server Error">
<div class="error-page">
<h1>500</h1>
<p>Something went wrong</p>
<a href="/">Go home</a>
</div>
</Layout>
```
```typescript
// src/pages/api/data.ts
import type { APIRoute } from 'astro';
export const GET: APIRoute = async ({ request }) => {
try {
const data = await fetchData();
return new Response(JSON.stringify(data), {
status: 200,
headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
});
} catch (error) {
console.error('API error:', error);
return new Response(JSON.stringify({ error: 'Internal server error' }), {
status: 500,
headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
});
}
};
```
### Testing
```typescript
// tests/e2e/blog.spec.ts
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
test.describe('Blog', () => {
test('lists published posts', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/blog');
const posts = page.locator('article');
await expect(posts).toHaveCount(await posts.count());
await expect(posts.first()).toBeVisible();
});
test('navigates to post', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/blog');
await page.click('article a');
await expect(page.locator('h1')).toBeVisible();
await expect(page).toHaveURL(/\/blog\/.+/);
});
});
// Component testing with container queries
test('island hydrates on visibility', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/');
const counter = page.locator('[data-testid="counter"]');
await expect(counter).not.toBeVisible();
await page.evaluate(() => window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight));
await expect(counter).toBeVisible();
});
```
### Deployment Configuration
```yaml
# Vercel - vercel.json
{
"buildCommand": "astro build",
"outputDirectory": "dist",
"framework": "astro"
}
# Netlify - netlify.toml
[build]
command = "astro build"
publish = "dist"
# Docker
FROM node:20-alpine AS build
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci
COPY . .
RUN npm run build
FROM nginx:alpine
COPY --from=build /app/dist /usr/share/nginx/html
COPY nginx.conf /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
EXPOSE 80
```
### Monitoring Metrics
| Metric | Target |
|--------|--------|
| Lighthouse Score | > 95 |
| First Contentful Paint | < 1s |
| Time to Interactive | < 1.5s |
| Total Blocking Time | < 50ms |
| Bundle size (JS) | < 50KB |
### Checklist
- [ ] Security headers in middleware
- [ ] checkOrigin enabled for SSR
- [ ] Content collections with Zod schemas
- [ ] Image optimization with astro:assets
- [ ] Lazy hydration (client:visible/idle)
- [ ] View Transitions enabled
- [ ] 404/500 error pages
- [ ] Sitemap generation
- [ ] Asset compression
- [ ] E2E tests with Playwright
- [ ] Lighthouse CI in pipeline
## When NOT to Use This Skill
This skill is for Astro (content-focused, islands architecture). DO NOT use for:
- **Next.js (React meta-framework)**: Use `nextjs-app-router` skill instead
- **Nuxt (Vue meta-framework)**: Use `nuxt3` skill instead
- **SvelteKit (Svelte meta-framework)**: Use `sveltekit` skill instead
- **Remix (React meta-framework)**: Use `remix` skill instead
- **Pure React applications**: Use `frontend-react` skill instead
- **Pure Vue applications**: Use `frontend-vue` skill instead
- **Pure Svelte applications**: Use `frontend-svelte` skill instead
- **Gatsby**: Astro is a modern alternative, but migration differs
## Anti-Patterns
| Anti-Pattern | Why It's Wrong | Correct Approach |
|--------------|----------------|------------------|
| Using client:load everywhere | Defeats zero-JS philosophy, large bundles | Use client:idle or client:visible for deferred hydration |
| Not using content collections | Unvalidated content, no type safety | Define collections in src/content/config.ts |
| Mixing frameworks unnecessarily | Increases bundle size, complexity | Use one framework per project, or Astro components |
| Ignoring image optimization | Poor performance, large assets | Use <Image> from astro:assets |
| Not setting alt text on images | Accessibility issue, SEO penalty | Always provide meaningful alt text |
| Using client:only for all content | No SSR, poor SEO | Use client:only only for browser-only components |
| Hardcoding data in components | Unmaintainable, no CMS integration | Use content collections or API fetching |
| No ViewTransitions | Choppy navigation UX | Add <ViewTransitions /> to layout |
## Quick Troubleshooting
| Issue | Possible Cause | Solution |
|-------|----------------|----------|
| "Cannot use import.meta.env in client" | Accessing server-only env var | Prefix with PUBLIC_ for client access |
| Island not hydrating | Wrong client directive | Check client:load/idle/visible directive is set |
| Content collection not found | Schema not defined or wrong path | Define in src/content/config.ts, check src/content/{collection} |
| Images not optimized | Using <img> instead of <Image> | Import and use <Image> from astro:assets |
| "getCollection is not defined" | Wrong import | Import from 'astro:content' |
| Build fails with type errors | Content schema mismatch | Check frontmatter matches Zod schema |
| 404 page not showing | Missing src/pages/404.astro | Create 404.astro in src/pages/ |
| CSS not scoped | Missing <style> in component | Add <style> block to Astro component |
## Reference Documentation
- [Islands Architecture](quick-ref/islands.md)
- [Content Collections](quick-ref/content.md)
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