SSH 管理与安全
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Scanned 2/12/2026
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---
name: ssh
description: SSH 管理与安全
version: 1.0.0
author: terminal-skills
tags: [server, ssh, security, key, tunnel]
---
# SSH 管理与安全
## 概述
SSH 密钥管理、跳板机配置、端口转发、安全加固等技能。
## 基础连接
### 连接命令
```bash
# 基础连接
ssh user@hostname
ssh -p 2222 user@hostname # 指定端口
# 执行远程命令
ssh user@hostname "command"
ssh user@hostname 'ls -la && df -h'
# 详细输出(调试)
ssh -v user@hostname
ssh -vvv user@hostname # 更详细
```
### 配置文件
```bash
# ~/.ssh/config
Host myserver
HostName 192.168.1.100
User admin
Port 22
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa_myserver
Host dev-*
User developer
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa_dev
Host *
ServerAliveInterval 60
ServerAliveCountMax 3
AddKeysToAgent yes
# 使用配置
ssh myserver
```
## 密钥管理
### 生成密钥
```bash
# 生成 RSA 密钥(推荐 4096 位)
ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "your_email@example.com"
# 生成 Ed25519 密钥(推荐)
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "your_email@example.com"
# 指定文件名
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -f ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_work
# 修改密码
ssh-keygen -p -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa
```
### 部署公钥
```bash
# 方式1:ssh-copy-id
ssh-copy-id user@hostname
ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub user@hostname
# 方式2:手动复制
cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub | ssh user@hostname "mkdir -p ~/.ssh && cat >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys"
# 方式3:直接编辑
ssh user@hostname
echo "public_key_content" >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
chmod 700 ~/.ssh
chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
```
### SSH Agent
```bash
# 启动 agent
eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"
# 添加密钥
ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa
ssh-add -l # 列出已添加的密钥
# 转发 agent(跳板机场景)
ssh -A user@jumphost
```
## 端口转发
### 本地转发
```bash
# 将本地端口转发到远程
ssh -L local_port:target_host:target_port user@ssh_server
# 示例:访问远程 MySQL
ssh -L 3306:localhost:3306 user@dbserver
mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -P 3306
# 示例:访问内网服务
ssh -L 8080:internal.server:80 user@jumphost
curl http://localhost:8080
```
### 远程转发
```bash
# 将远程端口转发到本地
ssh -R remote_port:local_host:local_port user@ssh_server
# 示例:暴露本地服务
ssh -R 8080:localhost:3000 user@public_server
# 现在可以通过 public_server:8080 访问本地 3000 端口
```
### 动态转发(SOCKS 代理)
```bash
# 创建 SOCKS5 代理
ssh -D 1080 user@ssh_server
# 使用代理
curl --socks5 localhost:1080 http://example.com
```
### 后台运行
```bash
# 后台运行隧道
ssh -fNL 3306:localhost:3306 user@server
# -f 后台运行
# -N 不执行远程命令
# -L 本地转发
```
## 跳板机配置
### ProxyJump(推荐)
```bash
# 命令行
ssh -J jumphost user@target
# 配置文件
Host target
HostName 192.168.1.100
User admin
ProxyJump jumphost
Host jumphost
HostName jump.example.com
User jumper
```
### ProxyCommand
```bash
# 配置文件
Host target
HostName 192.168.1.100
User admin
ProxyCommand ssh -W %h:%p jumphost
```
## 安全加固
### sshd_config 配置
```bash
# /etc/ssh/sshd_config
# 禁用密码登录
PasswordAuthentication no
ChallengeResponseAuthentication no
# 禁用 root 登录
PermitRootLogin no
# 限制用户
AllowUsers admin developer
AllowGroups sshusers
# 修改端口
Port 2222
# 限制登录尝试
MaxAuthTries 3
MaxSessions 5
# 空闲超时
ClientAliveInterval 300
ClientAliveCountMax 2
# 禁用不安全选项
X11Forwarding no
PermitEmptyPasswords no
```
### 应用配置
```bash
# 测试配置
sshd -t
# 重载配置
systemctl reload sshd
```
## 常见场景
### 场景 1:批量执行命令
```bash
# 使用 for 循环
for host in server1 server2 server3; do
ssh $host "uptime"
done
# 使用 parallel-ssh
pssh -h hosts.txt -i "uptime"
```
### 场景 2:文件传输
```bash
# scp
scp file.txt user@host:/path/
scp -r dir/ user@host:/path/
scp user@host:/path/file.txt ./
# rsync over SSH
rsync -avz -e ssh source/ user@host:/dest/
```
### 场景 3:保持连接
```bash
# ~/.ssh/config
Host *
ServerAliveInterval 60
ServerAliveCountMax 3
TCPKeepAlive yes
# 使用 autossh
autossh -M 0 -fN -L 3306:localhost:3306 user@server
```
## 故障排查
| 问题 | 排查方法 |
|------|----------|
| 连接超时 | 检查网络、防火墙、端口 |
| 权限被拒绝 | 检查密钥权限 (600)、authorized_keys |
| Host key 变更 | `ssh-keygen -R hostname` |
| Agent 转发失败 | 检查 `AllowAgentForwarding` |
| 连接断开 | 配置 `ServerAliveInterval` |
```bash
# 调试连接
ssh -vvv user@hostname
# 检查密钥权限
ls -la ~/.ssh/
# id_rsa: 600
# id_rsa.pub: 644
# authorized_keys: 600
# ~/.ssh: 700
```
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