Grad Strat Dynamic Cap

---
name: "grad-strat-dynamic-cap"
description: "Apply the Dynamic Capabilities framework (Teece et al., 1997) — sensing, seizing, and transforming — to analyze how firms adapt, integrate, and reconfigure competences in rapidly changing environments. Use this skill when the user needs to explain why some firms sustain advantage while others decline, evaluate organizational agility, distinguish operational from strategic capabilities, or when they ask 'how do we stay competitive as the market shifts', 'why did this firm fail to adapt', or 'what capabilities do we need to build'."
metadata:
  category: "WP-23 策略管理理論"
  tags: ["strategy", "dynamic-capabilities", "Teece", "sensing", "seizing", "transforming", "agility"]
---

# Dynamic Capabilities

## Overview

Dynamic capabilities are the firm's capacity to purposefully create, extend, or modify its resource base (Teece et al., 1997; Helfat et al., 2007). They explain HOW firms achieve and sustain competitive advantage in environments of rapid change — where RBV's static view is insufficient.

## When to Use

- Analyzing firm adaptation in fast-changing industries
- Evaluating why incumbents fail despite strong resource bases
- Designing organizational transformation or pivots
- Distinguishing routine operations from strategic renewal

## Assumptions

```
IRON LAW: Dynamic capabilities ≠ operational capabilities.
Operational capabilities enable current operations (doing things right).
Dynamic capabilities change the operational capability set (doing the right things).
Conflating them invalidates the analysis.
```

Key assumptions:
1. Environments change — static resource advantages erode
2. Firms can deliberately develop higher-order capabilities
3. Path dependency constrains but does not eliminate strategic choice

## Methodology

### Three Clusters of Dynamic Capabilities

| Cluster | Definition | Key Activities |
|---------|-----------|----------------|
| **Sensing** | Identify and shape opportunities and threats | Scanning, R&D, market research, customer listening |
| **Seizing** | Mobilize resources to capture opportunities | Business model design, investment decisions, governance |
| **Transforming** | Continuous renewal and reconfiguration | Restructuring, knowledge management, culture change |

### Analysis Steps

1. **Map the environmental dynamism** — Characterize rate and nature of change
2. **Audit current capabilities** — Separate ordinary (operational) from dynamic
3. **Assess sensing** — How does the firm detect shifts? What are blind spots?
4. **Assess seizing** — Can the firm commit resources quickly to opportunities?
5. **Assess transforming** — Can the firm reconfigure assets and structures?
6. **Identify gaps** — Which cluster is weakest? Where does adaptation break down?
7. **Recommend interventions** — Targeted investments per cluster

## Output Format

```markdown
## Dynamic Capabilities Assessment: [Context]

### Environmental Dynamism
- Rate of change: [low/moderate/high/hyper-competitive]
- Key disruption vectors: ...

### Capability Audit
| Capability | Type (Ordinary/Dynamic) | Cluster (S/S/T) | Strength |
|------------|------------------------|------------------|----------|
| [name]     | [type]                 | [cluster]        | [1-5]    |

### Gap Analysis
- Sensing gaps: ...
- Seizing gaps: ...
- Transforming gaps: ...

### Recommendations
1. [action per cluster]
```

## Examples

### Good Example
A legacy retailer has strong operational logistics (ordinary capability) but weak sensing — no systematic process to track e-commerce trends. Recommendation: invest in digital market intelligence before seizing digital channel opportunities.

### Bad Example
Labeling "innovation" as a dynamic capability without specifying which cluster it belongs to or how it differs from routine R&D operations. Dynamic capabilities must be tied to specific sensing/seizing/transforming activities.

## Gotchas

- Dynamic capabilities are costly to build — not all firms need them (stable environments may not justify the investment)
- Path dependency means firms cannot freely choose any capability trajectory
- Microfoundations matter — dynamic capabilities rest on individuals, processes, and structures
- Avoid tautology: "successful firms have dynamic capabilities because they succeed"
- Measurement is notoriously difficult — use process indicators, not just outcomes

## References

- Teece, D., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. *Strategic Management Journal*, 18(7), 509-533.
- Teece, D. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities. *Strategic Management Journal*, 28(13), 1319-1350.
- Helfat, C. et al. (2007). *Dynamic Capabilities: Understanding Strategic Change in Organizations*. Blackwell.
- Eisenhardt, K. & Martin, J. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: What are they? *Strategic Management Journal*, 21(10-11), 1105-1121.