Grad Pragmatism

---
name: "grad-pragmatism"
description: "Apply pragmatist philosophy (Peirce, James, Dewey) to frame knowledge as instrumental for action, evaluate ideas by their practical consequences, and conduct inquiry as problem-solving. Use this skill when the user needs to bridge theory and practice, evaluate competing theories by their usefulness, employ abductive reasoning to generate hypotheses, or when they ask 'which theory is more useful here', 'how do I move from abstract ideas to actionable knowledge', or 'what practical difference does this distinction make'."
metadata:
  category: "WP-34 跨學科/新興"
  tags: ["pragmatism", "Peirce", "James", "Dewey", "abduction", "inquiry", "practical-consequences"]
---

# Pragmatism

## Overview

Pragmatism holds that the meaning and truth of ideas lie in their practical consequences. Originating with Peirce, James, and Dewey, it treats knowledge not as a mirror of reality but as a tool for action. Inquiry is triggered by doubt, proceeds through abductive hypothesis generation, and is validated by its capacity to resolve problematic situations.

## When to Use

- Evaluating competing theories or frameworks by their practical usefulness
- Designing action-oriented research (action research, design science)
- Justifying mixed-methods approaches on philosophical grounds
- When abstract theoretical debates need grounding in real-world outcomes

## When NOT to Use

- When the goal is to establish objective truth independent of consequences
- When purely formal or logical analysis is required (use analytic philosophy)
- When the research demands strong ontological commitments about reality's nature

## Assumptions

```
IRON LAW: The meaning of a concept lies in its PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCES —
a distinction that makes no practical difference is no distinction at all.
```

Key assumptions:
1. Knowledge is fallible and revisable — no inquiry reaches final truth
2. Ideas are instruments (tools) for coping with experience, not copies of reality
3. Inquiry begins with genuine doubt, not Cartesian methodological doubt
4. Truth is what works in the long run for a community of inquirers (Peirce) or what is useful in concrete experience (James)

## Methodology

### Step 1: Identify the Problematic Situation

Define the indeterminate situation that triggers inquiry. What doubt, friction, or breakdown initiated the need for knowledge?

### Step 2: Abductive Hypothesis Generation

Generate candidate explanations using abduction (inference to the best explanation). Ask: "What hypothesis, if true, would make this situation intelligible and actionable?"

### Step 3: Trace Practical Consequences

For each hypothesis or concept, identify its practical consequences. What actions does it suggest? What experiences would follow if it were true? What difference does it make?

### Step 4: Test Through Action and Assess Warranted Assertibility

Test hypotheses through action (experiment, intervention, practice). Evaluate results not as final truth but as warranted assertibility — justified belief that resolves the problematic situation.

## Output Format

```markdown
## Pragmatist Analysis: [Context]

### Problematic Situation
- Trigger: [what doubt or breakdown initiated inquiry]
- Indeterminacy: [what is unclear or contested]
- Stakeholders: [who is affected and seeking resolution]

### Competing Hypotheses
| Hypothesis | Practical Consequences | Actions Implied | Testability |
|------------|----------------------|-----------------|-------------|
| [H1] | [what follows if true] | [what to do] | [how to test] |
| [H2] | [what follows if true] | [what to do] | [how to test] |

### Consequential Evaluation
- Most useful hypothesis: [which one and why]
- Practical difference: [what changes in action based on this choice]
- Residual uncertainty: [what remains unresolved]

### Warranted Assertibility
- Assertion: [the conclusion supported by inquiry so far]
- Warrant: [evidence and practical success supporting it]
- Revisability: [conditions that would reopen inquiry]

### Implications
1. [Actionable recommendation grounded in inquiry]
2. [What further inquiry would strengthen the warrant]
```

## Gotchas

- Pragmatism is NOT "whatever works is true" in a crude sense — Peirce's pragmatism emphasizes long-run community convergence, not individual convenience
- Do not confuse pragmatism (a philosophy) with being "pragmatic" (colloquial sense of expedient)
- James and Peirce differed significantly — James was more individualist, Peirce more communitarian and logic-oriented
- Dewey's "inquiry" is a structured process, not casual problem-solving
- Abduction is distinct from both induction and deduction — it generates hypotheses, it does not confirm them
- Critics argue pragmatism collapses into relativism; pragmatists counter that consequences provide objective constraint

## References

- Dewey, J. (1938). *Logic: The Theory of Inquiry*. Henry Holt.
- James, W. (1907). *Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking*. Longmans, Green.
- Peirce, C. S. (1878). How to make our ideas clear. *Popular Science Monthly*, 12, 286-302.