Redisデータ構造パターン、キャッシング戦略、分散ロック、レート制限、Pub/Sub、本番アプリケーション用コネクション管理。
Scanned 9/4/2026
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---
name: redis-patterns
description: Redisデータ構造パターン、キャッシング戦略、分散ロック、レート制限、Pub/Sub、本番アプリケーション用コネクション管理。
origin: ECC
---
# Redis Patterns
一般的なバックエンド使用例に対するRedisベストプラクティスの参考資料。
## How It Works
Redisはメモリ内データ構造ストアで、文字列、ハッシュ、リスト、セット、ソート済みセット、ストリームなどをサポートします。単一インスタンスでは個々のRedisコマンドは原子的ですが、マルチステップワークフローはLuaスクリプト、MULTI/EXECトランザクション、または明示的な同期化が必要です。RDBスナップショットまたはAOFログを通じてデータをオプションで永続化します。クライアントはRESPプロトコルを使用してTCP経由で通信します。接続プール不可欠でリクエストごとのハンドシェイクオーバーヘッドを回避します。
## When to Activate
- アプリケーションにキャッシング追加
- レート制限またはスロットリング実装
- 分散ロックまたはコーディネーション構築
- セッションまたはトークンストレージ設定
- Pub/SubまたはRedis Streams for messaging使用
- 本番環境でRedis設定(プール、削除、クラスタリング)
## Data Structure Cheat Sheet
| Use Case | Structure | Example Key |
|----------|-----------|-------------|
| Simple cache | String | `product:123` |
| User session | Hash | `session:abc` |
| Leaderboard | Sorted Set | `scores:weekly` |
| Unique visitors | Set | `visitors:2024-01-01` |
| Activity feed | List | `feed:user:456` |
| Event stream | Stream | `events:orders` |
| Counters / rate limits | String (INCR) | `ratelimit:user:123` |
| Bloom filter / HLL | HyperLogLog | `hll:pageviews` |
## Core Patterns
### Cache-Aside (Lazy Loading)
```python
import redis
import json
r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, decode_responses=True)
def get_product(product_id: int):
cache_key = f"product:{product_id}"
cached = r.get(cache_key)
if cached:
return json.loads(cached)
product = db.query("SELECT * FROM products WHERE id = %s", product_id)
r.setex(cache_key, 3600, json.dumps(product)) # TTL: 1 hour
return product
```
### Write-Through Cache
```python
def update_product(product_id: int, data: dict):
# DB書き込み先
db.execute("UPDATE products SET ... WHERE id = %s", product_id)
# キャッシュを即座に更新
cache_key = f"product:{product_id}"
r.setex(cache_key, 3600, json.dumps(data))
```
### Cache Invalidation
```python
# タグベース削除 — セット内で関連キーをグループ化
def cache_product(product_id: int, category_id: int, data: dict):
key = f"product:{product_id}"
tag = f"tag:category:{category_id}"
pipe = r.pipeline(transaction=True)
pipe.setex(key, 3600, json.dumps(data))
pipe.sadd(tag, key)
pipe.expire(tag, 3600)
pipe.execute()
def invalidate_category(category_id: int):
tag = f"tag:category:{category_id}"
keys = r.smembers(tag)
if keys:
r.delete(*keys)
r.delete(tag)
```
### Session Storage
```python
import time
import uuid
def create_session(user_id: int, ttl: int = 86400) -> str:
session_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
key = f"session:{session_id}"
pipe = r.pipeline(transaction=True)
pipe.hset(key, mapping={
"user_id": user_id,
"created_at": int(time.time()),
})
pipe.expire(key, ttl)
pipe.execute()
return session_id
def get_session(session_id: str) -> dict | None:
data = r.hgetall(f"session:{session_id}")
return data if data else None
def delete_session(session_id: str):
r.delete(f"session:{session_id}")
```
## Rate Limiting
### Fixed Window (Simple)
```python
def is_rate_limited(user_id: int, limit: int = 100, window: int = 60) -> bool:
key = f"ratelimit:{user_id}:{int(time.time()) // window}"
pipe = r.pipeline(transaction=True)
pipe.incr(key)
pipe.expire(key, window)
count, _ = pipe.execute()
return count > limit
```
### Sliding Window (Lua — Atomic)
```lua
-- sliding_window.lua
local key = KEYS[1]
local now = tonumber(ARGV[1])
local window = tonumber(ARGV[2])
local limit = tonumber(ARGV[3])
redis.call('ZREMRANGEBYSCORE', key, 0, now - window)
local count = redis.call('ZCARD', key)
if count < limit then
-- Use unique member (now + sequence) to avoid collisions within the same millisecond
local seq_key = key .. ':seq'
local seq = redis.call('INCR', seq_key)
redis.call('EXPIRE', seq_key, math.ceil(window / 1000))
redis.call('ZADD', key, now, now .. '-' .. seq)
redis.call('EXPIRE', key, math.ceil(window / 1000))
return 1
end
return 0
```
```python
sliding_window = r.register_script(open('sliding_window.lua').read())
def allow_request(user_id: int) -> bool:
key = f"ratelimit:sliding:{user_id}"
now = int(time.time() * 1000)
return bool(sliding_window(keys=[key], args=[now, 60000, 100]))
```
## Distributed Locks
### Distributed Lock (Single Node — SET NX PX)
```python
import uuid
def acquire_lock(resource: str, ttl_ms: int = 5000) -> str | None:
lock_key = f"lock:{resource}"
token = str(uuid.uuid4())
acquired = r.set(lock_key, token, px=ttl_ms, nx=True)
return token if acquired else None
def release_lock(resource: str, token: str) -> bool:
release_script = """
if redis.call('get', KEYS[1]) == ARGV[1] then
return redis.call('del', KEYS[1])
else
return 0
end
"""
result = r.eval(release_script, 1, f"lock:{resource}", token)
return bool(result)
# Usage
token = acquire_lock("order:payment:123")
if token:
try:
process_payment()
finally:
release_lock("order:payment:123", token)
```
> マルチノード設定の場合、フルRedlockアルゴリズムを実装する `redlock-py` ライブラリを使用してください。
## Pub/Sub & Streams
### Pub/Sub (Fire-and-Forget)
```python
# Publisher
def publish_event(channel: str, payload: dict):
r.publish(channel, json.dumps(payload))
# Subscriber (blocking — run in separate thread/process)
def subscribe_events(channel: str):
pubsub = r.pubsub()
pubsub.subscribe(channel)
for message in pubsub.listen():
if message['type'] == 'message':
handle(json.loads(message['data']))
```
### Redis Streams (Durable Queue)
```python
# Producer
def emit(stream: str, event: dict):
r.xadd(stream, event, maxlen=10000) # Cap stream length
# Consumer group — guarantees at-least-once delivery
try:
r.xgroup_create('events:orders', 'processor', id='0', mkstream=True)
except Exception:
pass # Group already exists
def consume(stream: str, group: str, consumer: str):
while True:
messages = r.xreadgroup(group, consumer, {stream: '>'}, count=10, block=2000)
for _, entries in (messages or []):
for msg_id, data in entries:
process(data)
r.xack(stream, group, msg_id)
```
> 配信保証、コンシューマーグループ、または再生が必要な場合、Pub/Sub代わりに**Streams**を優先してください。
## Key Design
### Naming Conventions
```
# Pattern: resource:id:field
user:123:profile
order:456:status
cache:product:789
# Pattern: namespace:resource:id
myapp:session:abc123
myapp:ratelimit:user:123
# Pattern: resource:date (time-bound keys)
stats:pageviews:2024-01-01
```
### TTL Strategy
| Data Type | Suggested TTL |
|-----------|--------------|
| User session | 24h (`86400`) |
| API response cache | 5–15 min |
| Rate limit window | Match window size |
| Short-lived tokens | 5–10 min |
| Leaderboard | 1h–24h |
| Static/reference data | 1h–1 week |
常にTTLを設定してください。TTLなしのキーは無限に蓄積してメモリ圧力を引き起こします。
## Connection Management
### Connection Pooling
```python
from redis import ConnectionPool, Redis
pool = ConnectionPool(
host='localhost',
port=6379,
db=0,
max_connections=20,
decode_responses=True,
socket_connect_timeout=2,
socket_timeout=2,
)
r = Redis(connection_pool=pool)
```
### Cluster Mode
```python
from redis.cluster import RedisCluster
r = RedisCluster(
startup_nodes=[{"host": "redis-1", "port": 6379}],
decode_responses=True,
skip_full_coverage_check=True,
)
```
### Sentinel (High Availability)
```python
from redis.sentinel import Sentinel
sentinel = Sentinel(
[('sentinel-1', 26379), ('sentinel-2', 26379)],
socket_timeout=0.5,
)
master = sentinel.master_for('mymaster', decode_responses=True)
replica = sentinel.slave_for('mymaster', decode_responses=True)
```
## Eviction Policies
| Policy | Behavior | Best For |
|--------|----------|----------|
| `noeviction` | Error on write when full | Queues / critical data |
| `allkeys-lru` | Evict least recently used | General cache |
| `volatile-lru` | LRU only among keys with TTL | Mixed data store |
| `allkeys-lfu` | Evict least frequently used | Skewed access patterns |
| `volatile-ttl` | Evict soonest-to-expire | Prioritize long-lived data |
`redis.conf`を通じて設定:`maxmemory-policy allkeys-lru`
## Anti-Patterns
| Anti-Pattern | Problem | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| Keys with no TTL | Memory grows unbounded | Always set TTL |
| `KEYS *` in production | Blocks the server (O(N)) | Use `SCAN` cursor |
| Storing large blobs (>100KB) | Slow serialization, memory pressure | Store reference + fetch from object store |
| Single Redis for everything | No isolation between cache & queue | Use separate DBs or instances |
| Ignoring connection pool limits | Connection exhaustion under load | Size pool to workload |
| Not handling cache miss stampede | Thundering herd on cold start | Use locks or probabilistic early expiry |
| `FLUSHALL` without thought | Wipes entire instance | Scope deletes by key pattern |
### Cache Miss Stampede Prevention
```python
import threading
_locks: dict[str, threading.Lock] = {}
_locks_mutex = threading.Lock()
def get_with_lock(key: str, fetch_fn, ttl: int = 300):
cached = r.get(key)
if cached:
return json.loads(cached)
with _locks_mutex:
if key not in _locks:
_locks[key] = threading.Lock()
lock = _locks[key]
with lock:
cached = r.get(key) # Re-check after acquiring lock
if cached:
return json.loads(cached)
value = fetch_fn()
r.setex(key, ttl, json.dumps(value))
return value
```
> マルチプロセスデプロイメント:インプロセスロックを上記の分散ロックセクション から `acquire_lock`/`release_lock` に置き換えてください。
## Examples
**Django/Flask APIエンドポイントにキャッシング追加:**
レスポンスに5分TTLでCache-asideを使用。リクエストパラメータでキーを指定。
**ユーザーごとにAPIレート制限:**
低トラフィックエンドポイントに固定ウィンドウを `pipeline(transaction=True)` で使用;正確なユーザーごと制限にはsliding-windowの Lua使用。
**ワーカー間のバックグラウンドジョブ調整:**
予想ジョブ期間を超えるTTLで `acquire_lock` を使用。常に `finally` ブロックでリリース。
**複数購読者への通知のファンアウト:**
ファイアアンドフォーゲットにPub/Subを使用。保証配信または再生が必要な場合、Streamsに切り替え。
## Quick Reference
| Pattern | When to Use |
|---------|-------------|
| Cache-aside | Read-heavy, tolerate slight staleness |
| Write-through | Strong consistency required |
| Distributed lock | Prevent concurrent access to a resource |
| Sliding window rate limit | Accurate per-user throttling |
| Redis Streams | Durable event queue with consumer groups |
| Pub/Sub | Broadcast with no delivery guarantees needed |
| Sorted Set leaderboard | Ranked scoring, pagination |
| HyperLogLog | Approximate unique count at low memory |
## Related
- Skill: `postgres-patterns` — リレーショナルデータパターン
- Skill: `backend-patterns` — APIおよびサービスレイヤーパターン
- Skill: `database-migrations` — スキーマバージョニング
- Skill: `django-patterns` — Djangoキャッシュフレームワーク統合
- Agent: `database-reviewer` — 全データベースレビューワークフロー
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