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Acr Measurement

ASecurity

Use when constructing or auditing accounting measures for 《会计研究》 (Accounting Research) — discretionary accruals (modified Jones), real earnings management (Roychowdhury), conservatism (Basu / C-Score), comparability, disclosure indices, audit-quality and tax-avoidance proxies — so each measure is built transparently and reproducibly. Use before identification.

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Added 6/4/2026
ai-agents

Security Analysis

A100/100

Scanned 6/4/2026

Install to Claude Code

$npx -y skills add brycewang-stanford/Awesome-Journal-Skills --skill acr-measurement --agent claude-code

Installs into .claude/skills of the current project.

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SKILL.md
---
name: acr-measurement
description: Use when constructing or auditing accounting measures for 《会计研究》 (Accounting Research) — discretionary accruals (modified Jones), real earnings management (Roychowdhury), conservatism (Basu / C-Score), comparability, disclosure indices, audit-quality and tax-avoidance proxies — so each measure is built transparently and reproducibly. Use before identification.
---

# 会计度量构造(acr-measurement)

## 触发时机

- 直接用现成指标(如 DA、KV 指数)却不交代如何估计/分年分行业
- 盈余管理只用单一代理变量,无替代度量
- 度量的样本、估计窗口、回归设定、缩尾未说明
- 审稿人质疑"度量不规范 / 不可复现 / 不够会计味"

## 核心原则:度量要"会计味"且透明可复现

本刊审稿人会逐项检查会计度量的构造。每个度量都要说明:**估计模型、估计粒度(分年×分行业)、样本要求、缩尾/标准化、符号方向**。不能只丢一个变量名。

## 常用度量与构造要点

### 盈余管理 / 应计
- **可操纵性应计(修正 Jones 模型)**:分年度×分行业(通常≥10 或 15 个观测)回归总应计对 (ΔREV−ΔREC)、PPE,取残差;说明总应计是资产负债表法还是现金流量表法。
- **Dechow-Dichev / 修正 DD**:应计对前后期经营现金流回归,残差波动度量应计质量。
- **真实盈余管理(Roychowdhury)**:异常经营现金流、异常生产成本、异常酌量性费用三项及其合成;说明方向(正常 vs 操纵)。
- 多度量并用,主结果与稳健性互证。

### 会计稳健性
- **Basu 条件稳健性**:盈余对收益(正/负)的非对称及时性回归。
- **C-Score(Khan-Watts)**:基于 Basu 框架按公司年估计的稳健性得分,说明系数估计与拼装。

### 信息含量 / 可比性
- **会计可比性(De Franco et al.)**:同行业配对的盈余—收益映射差异。
- 价值相关性 / 盈余反应系数:说明事件窗口与异常收益算法。

### 披露 / 信息
- **披露指数**:自建指数须给**编码手册、条目清单、评分规则、双人编码一致性(如 Kappa)**;用现成指数(如 KV、年报可读性、MD&A 文本指标)须给来源与算法。

### 审计 / 税收
- **审计质量代理**:Big4/国内十大、行业专长、任期、是否出具非标意见——说明各自度量的局限。
- **税收规避**:实际税率(ETR)、现金 ETR、会计—税收差异(BTD)、扣除盈余管理后的 BTD(DDBTD)——说明分母处理与异常值。

## 自检清单

- [ ] 每个度量给出估计模型与估计粒度(分年×分行业)
- [ ] 样本最低观测数、缩尾(如 1%/99%)、标准化说明清楚
- [ ] 符号与方向解释明确(值大代表什么)
- [ ] 主度量 + 至少一个替代度量(为稳健性铺路)
- [ ] 自建指数有编码手册与编码一致性
- [ ] 度量与会计议题、信息机制对得上

## 反模式

- "我们用修正 Jones 模型计算 DA"——不说分年分行业、样本要求、总应计口径
- 盈余管理只用一个 DA,无真实盈余管理或替代
- 披露指数无条目清单与编码规则,无法复现
- 用现成数据库指标当黑箱,不交代算法与局限

## 输出格式

```
【主度量】<名称 + 模型 + 估计粒度>
【构造透明度】模型□ 粒度□ 样本□ 缩尾□ 方向□
【替代度量】<≥1 个,用于稳健性>
【自建指数】编码手册□ 一致性(Kappa)□(如适用)
【与机制对齐】<度量↔信息机制>
【下一步】acr-identification
```

Attribution

brycewang-stanfordbrycewang-stanford
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