Development

Write biological sequences to files (FASTA, FASTQ, GenBank, EMBL) using Biopython Bio.SeqIO. Use when saving sequences, creating new sequence files, or outputting modified records.

Read biological sequence files (FASTA, FASTQ, GenBank, EMBL, ABI, SFF) using Biopython Bio.SeqIO. Use when parsing sequence files, iterating multi-sequence files, random access to large files, or high-performance parsing.

Handle paired-end FASTQ files (R1/R2) using Biopython. Use when working with Illumina paired reads, synchronizing pairs, interleaving/deinterleaving, or filtering paired data.

Work with FASTQ quality scores using Biopython. Use when analyzing read quality, filtering by quality, trimming low-quality bases, or generating quality reports.

Read and write compressed sequence files (gzip, bzip2, BGZF) using Biopython. Use when working with .gz or .bz2 sequence files. Use BGZF for indexable compressed files.

Process multiple sequence files in batch using Biopython. Use when working with many files, merging/splitting sequences, or automating file operations across directories.

Searches for non-coding RNA homologs and classifies RNA families using Infernal covariance model searches against the Rfam database. Identifies structured RNAs by sequence and secondary structure conservation. Use when querying sequences against Rfam, building custom covariance models for novel RNA families, or classifying non-coding transcripts by family.

Detect ribosome pausing and stalling sites from Ribo-seq data at codon resolution. Use when studying translational regulation, identifying pause sites, or analyzing codon-specific translation dynamics.

Find restriction enzyme cut sites in DNA sequences using Biopython Bio.Restriction. Search with single enzymes, batches of enzymes, or commercially available enzyme sets. Returns cut positions for linear or circular DNA. Use when finding restriction enzyme cut sites in sequences.

Create restriction maps showing enzyme cut positions on DNA sequences using Biopython Bio.Restriction. Visualize cut sites, calculate distances between sites, and generate text or graphical maps. Use when creating or analyzing restriction maps.

Analyze restriction digest fragments using Biopython Bio.Restriction. Predict fragment sizes, get fragment sequences, simulate gel electrophoresis patterns, and perform double digests. Use when analyzing restriction digest fragment patterns.

Select restriction enzymes by criteria using Biopython Bio.Restriction. Find enzymes that cut once, don't cut, produce specific overhangs, are commercially available, or have compatible ends for cloning. Use when selecting restriction enzymes for cloning or analysis.

All-in-one read preprocessing with fastp including adapter trimming, quality filtering, deduplication, base correction, and HTML report generation. Use when preprocessing Illumina data and wanting a single fast tool instead of separate Cutadapt, Trimmomatic, and FastQC steps.

Quality control and assessment for proteomics data. Use when evaluating proteomics data quality before downstream analysis. Covers sample metrics, missing value patterns, replicate correlation, batch effects, and intensity distributions.

Protein grouping and inference from peptide identifications. Use when resolving protein ambiguity from shared peptides. Handles protein groups and protein-level FDR control using parsimony and probabilistic approaches.

Peptide-spectrum matching and protein identification from MS/MS data. Use when identifying peptides from tandem mass spectra. Covers database searching, spectral library matching, and FDR estimation using target-decoy approaches.

Design qPCR primers and TaqMan/molecular beacon probes using primer3-py. Configure probe Tm, primer-probe spacing, and hydrolysis probe constraints for real-time PCR assays. Use when designing qPCR primers and probes.

Validate PCR primers for specificity, dimers, hairpins, and secondary structures using primer3-py thermodynamic calculations. Check self-complementarity, heterodimer formation, and 3' stability. Use when validating primer specificity and properties.

Design PCR primers for a target sequence using primer3-py. Specify target regions, product size, melting temperature, and other constraints. Returns ranked primer pairs with quality metrics. Use when designing standard PCR primers.

Detect signatures of natural selection using Fst, Tajima's D, iHS, XP-EHH, and other selection statistics. Calculate population differentiation, test for departures from neutrality, and identify selective sweeps with scikit-allel and vcftools. Use when computing selection signatures like Fst or Tajima's D.

Python population genetics with scikit-allel. Read VCF files, compute allele frequencies, calculate diversity statistics, perform PCA, and run selection scans using GenotypeArray and HaplotypeArray data structures. Use when analyzing population genetics in Python.

Draw and export phylogenetic trees using Biopython Bio.Phylo with matplotlib and modern alternatives. Use when creating tree figures, customizing colors and labels, exporting to image formats, or choosing between Bio.Phylo, ggtree, ETE4, and iTOL for publication.

Modify phylogenetic tree structure using Biopython Bio.Phylo. Use when rooting trees with outgroups, midpoint, or MAD methods, pruning taxa, collapsing clades, ladderizing branches, or extracting subtrees. Includes rooting method decision guidance.

Impute missing genotypes using reference panels with Beagle or Minimac4. Use when increasing variant density for GWAS, harmonizing data across genotyping platforms, or inferring variants not directly typed in array data.