Golang Design Patterns

---
name: golang-design-patterns
description: "Idiomatic Golang design patterns — functional options, constructors, error flow and cascading, resource management and lifecycle, graceful shutdown, resilience, architecture, dependency injection, data handling, streaming, and more. Apply when explicitly choosing between architectural patterns, implementing functional options, designing constructor APIs, setting up graceful shutdown, applying resilience patterns, or asking which idiomatic Go pattern fits a specific problem."
user-invocable: true
license: MIT
compatibility: Designed for Claude Code or similar AI coding agents, and for projects using Golang.
metadata:
  author: samber
  version: "1.1.5"
  openclaw:
    emoji: "🏗"
    homepage: https://github.com/samber/cc-skills-golang
    requires:
      bins:
        - go
    install: []
allowed-tools: Read Edit Write Glob Grep Bash(go:*) Bash(golangci-lint:*) Bash(git:*) Agent AskUserQuestion
---

**Persona:** You are a Go architect who values simplicity and explicitness. You apply patterns only when they solve a real problem — not to demonstrate sophistication — and you push back on premature abstraction.

**Modes:**

- **Design mode** — creating new APIs, packages, or application structure: ask the developer about their architecture preference before proposing patterns; favor the smallest pattern that satisfies the requirement.
- **Review mode** — auditing existing code for design issues: scan for `init()` abuse, unbounded resources, missing timeouts, and implicit global state; report findings before suggesting refactors.

> **Community default.** A company skill that explicitly supersedes `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-design-patterns` skill takes precedence.

# Go Design Patterns & Idioms

Idiomatic Go patterns for production-ready code. For error handling details see the `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-error-handling` skill; for context propagation see `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-context` skill; for struct/interface design see `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-structs-interfaces` skill.

## Best Practices Summary

1. Constructors SHOULD use **functional options** — they scale better as APIs evolve (one function per option, no breaking changes)
2. Functional options MUST **return an error** if validation can fail — catch bad config at construction, not at runtime
3. **Avoid `init()`** — runs implicitly, cannot return errors, makes testing unpredictable. Use explicit constructors
4. Enums SHOULD **start at 1** (or Unknown sentinel at 0) — Go's zero value silently passes as the first enum member
5. Error cases MUST be **handled first** with early return — keep happy path flat
6. **Panic is for bugs, not expected errors** — callers can handle returned errors; panics crash the process
7. **`defer Close()` immediately after opening** — later code changes can accidentally skip cleanup
8. **`runtime.AddCleanup`** over `runtime.SetFinalizer` — finalizers are unpredictable and can resurrect objects
9. Every external call SHOULD **have a timeout** — a slow upstream hangs your goroutine indefinitely
10. **Limit everything** (pool sizes, queue depths, buffers) — unbounded resources grow until they crash
11. Retry logic MUST **check context cancellation** between attempts
12. **Use `strings.Builder`** for concatenation in loops → see `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-code-style`
13. string vs []byte: **use `[]byte` for mutation and I/O**, `string` for display and keys — conversions allocate
14. Iterators (Go 1.23+): **use for lazy evaluation** — avoid loading everything into memory
15. **Stream large transfers** — loading millions of rows causes OOM; stream keeps memory constant
16. `//go:embed` for **static assets** — embeds at compile time, eliminates runtime file I/O errors
17. **Use `crypto/rand`** for keys/tokens — `math/rand` is predictable → see `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-security`
18. Regexp MUST be **compiled once at package level** — compilation is O(n) and allocates
19. Compile-time interface checks: **`var _ Interface = (*Type)(nil)`**
20. **A little recode > a big dependency** — each dep adds attack surface and maintenance burden
21. **Design for testability** — accept interfaces, inject dependencies

## Constructor Patterns: Functional Options vs Builder

### Functional Options (Preferred)

```go
type Server struct {
    addr         string
    readTimeout  time.Duration
    writeTimeout time.Duration
    maxConns     int
}

type Option func(*Server)

func WithReadTimeout(d time.Duration) Option {
    return func(s *Server) { s.readTimeout = d }
}

func WithWriteTimeout(d time.Duration) Option {
    return func(s *Server) { s.writeTimeout = d }
}

func WithMaxConns(n int) Option {
    return func(s *Server) { s.maxConns = n }
}

func NewServer(addr string, opts ...Option) *Server {
    // Default options
    s := &Server{
        addr:         addr,
        readTimeout:  5 * time.Second,
        writeTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
        maxConns:     100,
    }
    for _, opt := range opts {
        opt(s)
    }
    return s
}

// Usage
srv := NewServer(":8080",
    WithReadTimeout(30*time.Second),
    WithMaxConns(500),
)
```

Constructors SHOULD use **functional options** — they scale better with API evolution and require less code. Use builder pattern only if you need complex validation between configuration steps.

## Constructors & Initialization

### Avoid `init()` and Mutable Globals

`init()` runs implicitly, makes testing harder, and creates hidden dependencies:

- Multiple `init()` functions run in declaration order, across files in **filename alphabetical order** — fragile
- Cannot return errors — failures must panic or `log.Fatal`
- Runs before `main()` and tests — side effects make tests unpredictable

```go
// Bad — hidden global state
var db *sql.DB

func init() {
    var err error
    db, err = sql.Open("postgres", os.Getenv("DATABASE_URL"))
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
}

// Good — explicit initialization, injectable
func NewUserRepository(db *sql.DB) *UserRepository {
    return &UserRepository{db: db}
}
```

### Enums: Start at 1

Zero values should represent invalid/unset state:

```go
type Status int

const (
    StatusUnknown Status = iota // 0 = invalid/unset
    StatusActive                // 1
    StatusInactive              // 2
    StatusSuspended             // 3
)
```

### Compile Regexp Once

```go
// Good — compiled once at package level
var emailRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}$`)

func ValidateEmail(email string) bool {
    return emailRegex.MatchString(email)
}
```

### Use `//go:embed` for Static Assets

```go
import "embed"

//go:embed templates/*
var templateFS embed.FS

//go:embed version.txt
var version string
```

### Compile-Time Interface Checks

→ See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-structs-interfaces` for the `var _ Interface = (*Type)(nil)` pattern.

## Error Flow Patterns

Error cases MUST be handled first with early return — keep the happy path at minimal indentation. → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-code-style` for the full pattern and examples.

### When to Panic vs Return Error

- **Return error**: network failures, file not found, invalid input — anything a caller can handle
- **Panic**: nil pointer in a place that should be impossible, violated invariant, `Must*` constructors used at init time
- **`.Close()` / `Flush()` errors**: read-only cleanup can often use `defer f.Close()`, but write/flush resources must report close or flush errors when durability matters

## Data Handling

### string vs []byte vs []rune

| Type     | Default for | Use when                                            |
| -------- | ----------- | --------------------------------------------------- |
| `string` | Everything  | Immutable, safe, UTF-8                              |
| `[]byte` | I/O         | Writing to `io.Writer`, building strings, mutations |
| `[]rune` | Unicode ops | `len()` must mean characters, not bytes             |

Avoid repeated conversions — each one allocates. Stay in one type until you need the other.

### Iterators & Streaming for Large Data

Use iterators (Go 1.23+) and streaming patterns to process large datasets without loading everything into memory. For large transfers between services (e.g., 1M rows DB to HTTP), stream to prevent OOM.

For code examples, see [Data Handling Patterns](references/data-handling.md).

## Resource Management

`defer Close()` immediately after opening — don't wait, don't forget:

```go
f, err := os.Open(path)
if err != nil {
    return err
}
defer f.Close() // right here, not 50 lines later

rows, err := db.QueryContext(ctx, query)
if err != nil {
    return err
}
defer rows.Close()
```

For graceful shutdown, resource pools, and `runtime.AddCleanup`, see [Resource Management](references/resource-management.md).

## Resilience & Limits

### Timeout Every External Call

```go
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 5*time.Second)
defer cancel()

resp, err := httpClient.Do(req.WithContext(ctx))
```

### Retry & Context Checks

Retry logic MUST check `ctx.Err()` between attempts and use exponential/linear backoff via `select` on `ctx.Done()`. Long loops MUST check `ctx.Err()` periodically. → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-context` skill.

## Database Patterns

→ See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-database` skill for sqlx/pgx, transactions, nullable columns, connection pools, repository interfaces, testing.

## Architecture

Ask the developer which architecture they prefer: clean architecture, hexagonal, DDD, or flat layout. Don't impose complex architecture on a small project.

Core principles regardless of architecture:

- **Keep domain pure** — no framework dependencies in the domain layer
- **Fail fast** — validate at boundaries, trust internal code
- **Make illegal states unrepresentable** — use types to enforce invariants
- **Respect 12-factor app** principles — → see `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-project-layout`

## Detailed Guides

| Guide | Scope |
| --- | --- |
| [Architecture Patterns](references/architecture.md) | High-level principles, when each architecture fits |
| [Clean Architecture](references/clean-architecture.md) | Use cases, dependency rule, layered adapters |
| [Hexagonal Architecture](references/hexagonal-architecture.md) | Ports and adapters, domain core isolation |
| [Domain-Driven Design](references/ddd.md) | Aggregates, value objects, bounded contexts |

## Code Philosophy

- **Avoid repetitive code** — but don't abstract prematurely
- **Minimize dependencies** — a little recode > a big dependency
- **Design for testability** — accept interfaces, inject dependencies, keep functions pure

## Cross-References

- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-data-structures` skill for data structure selection, internals, and container/ packages
- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-error-handling` skill for error wrapping, sentinel errors, and the single handling rule
- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-structs-interfaces` skill for interface design and composition
- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-concurrency` skill for goroutine lifecycle and graceful shutdown
- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-context` skill for timeout and cancellation patterns
- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-project-layout` skill for architecture and directory structure
- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-refactoring` skill for safely staging a migration toward one of these patterns (options struct, DI, consumer-side interfaces) across an existing codebase