Predictive Coding Graphs Are A Superset Of Feedforward Neural Networks

# Predictive Coding Graphs are a Superset of Feedforward Neural Networks

**arXiv ID:** 2603.06142
**Authors:** Björn van Zwol
**Published:** 2026-03-06T10:50:41Z
**Abstract:**
Predictive coding graphs (PCGs) are a recently introduced generalization to predictive coding networks, a neuroscience-inspired probabilistic latent variable model. Here, we prove how PCGs define a mathematical superset of feedforward artificial neural networks (multilayer perceptrons). This positions PCNs more strongly within contemporary machine learning (ML), and reinforces earlier proposals to study the use of non-hierarchical neural networks for ML tasks, and more generally the notion of topology in neural networks.

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## References

- [arXiv:2603.06142](http://arxiv.org/abs/2603.06142v1)