Detecting Secure Boot Bypass

---
name: detecting-secure-boot-bypass
description: Detect UEFI Secure Boot bypasses and bootkits such as BlackLotus and
  Bootkitty by verifying Secure Boot state, checking dbx revocation currency, and
  hashing EFI boot binaries against known-bad sets using mokutil, efi-readvar/dbxtool,
  CHIPSEC, sbverify/pesign, and Windows Confirm-SecureBootUEFI. Use when auditing
  fleet dbx rollout after a bootkit advisory or hunting for pre-OS persistence on
  a suspected-compromised endpoint.
domain: cybersecurity
subdomain: hardware-firmware-security
tags:
- hardware-firmware-security
- secure-boot
- uefi
- bootkit
- dbx-revocation
- blacklotus
- chipsec
- firmware-integrity
version: '1.0'
author: mahipal
license: Apache-2.0
nist_csf:
- DE.CM-01
mitre_attack:
- T1542.003
---
# Detecting Secure Boot Bypass

> **Legal Notice:** Firmware and Secure Boot assessment must only be performed on systems you own or are explicitly authorized to test. CHIPSEC's write/modify modes and EFI variable manipulation can brick hardware. Run destructive checks only in a lab. This skill is for defensive verification and authorized assessment.

## Overview

UEFI Secure Boot is the firmware-enforced trust chain that only permits boot components signed by keys in the platform's allow-list (db) and not present in the revocation list (dbx). Bootkits defeat this layer to gain pre-OS, persistent, kernel-level control that survives OS reinstalls and disk wipes. **BlackLotus** (2023) was the first publicly observed UEFI bootkit to bypass Secure Boot on fully patched Windows 11, abusing **CVE-2022-21894** ("baton drop") in a vulnerable, signed Windows boot manager to neutralize Secure Boot and disable BitLocker, HVCI, and Defender. **Bootkitty** (2024) was the first PoC UEFI bootkit targeting Linux. Microsoft's **CVE-2023-24932** addressed a related Secure Boot bypass that required a phased dbx (revocation) rollout because revoking the vulnerable boot managers can render systems unbootable if applied carelessly.

The core defensive insight is that patching the OS is **not sufficient** — the platform remains exploitable until the vulnerable, signed binaries are revoked in **dbx**. Detection therefore combines: (1) confirming Secure Boot is actually enabled, (2) verifying dbx is current and contains the relevant revocations, (3) checking the integrity and protection of Secure Boot EFI variables with CHIPSEC, (4) hashing on-disk EFI boot binaries and comparing them against the revocation list and known-bad sets, and (5) inspecting firmware/ESP for bootkit artifacts. This skill provides a cross-platform (Linux + Windows) workflow using `mokutil`, `efi-readvar`/`dbxtool`, `chipsec`, `sbverify`/`pesign`, and Windows `Confirm-SecureBootUEFI` / `Get-SecureBootUEFI`.

## When to Use

- Verifying that an estate's Secure Boot configuration is enabled, locked, and current after the CVE-2023-24932 / BlackLotus advisories.
- Hunting for UEFI bootkit indicators on a suspected-compromised endpoint.
- Validating that dbx revocations (e.g., vulnerable Windows boot managers, Kaspersky/other vulnerable bootloaders) have actually applied across the fleet.
- Auditing firmware integrity and Secure Boot variable protections during a hardware security assessment.
- Building a recurring measured/baseline check for boot-chain tampering.

## Prerequisites

- Root/administrator on the target (firmware reads require privilege).
- Linux tooling:
  ```bash
  sudo apt install mokutil efitools sbsigntool dbxtool      # Debian/Ubuntu
  sudo dnf install mokutil efitools sbsigntools dbxtool     # Fedora/RHEL
  ```
- CHIPSEC (run from a live USB or controlled host; loads a kernel driver):
  ```bash
  pip install chipsec        # or build from https://github.com/chipsec/chipsec
  ```
- Windows tooling: PowerShell (built-in `Confirm-SecureBootUEFI`, `Get-SecureBootUEFI`), and optionally the UEFI dbx update package from Microsoft.
- The current `dbxupdate` files from https://uefi.org/revocationlistfile to compare against.

## Objectives

- Confirm Secure Boot is enabled and in user (not setup) mode.
- Enumerate db, dbx, KEK, and PK contents and assess freshness of dbx.
- Verify the relevant CVE revocations are present in dbx.
- Validate Secure Boot EFI variables are authenticated and protected (CHIPSEC).
- Hash ESP boot binaries and check them against dbx and known-bad hash sets.
- Identify bootkit artifacts and report exploitable gaps with remediation.

## MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

| Technique ID | Technique Name | Relevance |
|--------------|----------------|-----------|
| T1542.003 | Pre-OS Boot: Bootkit | Core technique — bootkit subverts the boot chain below the OS. |
| T1542 | Pre-OS Boot | Parent technique covering firmware/boot-component tampering. |
| T1542.001 | Pre-OS Boot: System Firmware | Adjacent: firmware modification used to persist or weaken Secure Boot. |
| T1014 | Rootkit | Bootkits provide rootkit-level concealment and persistence. |
| T1562.001 | Impair Defenses: Disable or Modify Tools | BlackLotus disables BitLocker/HVCI/Defender after bypassing Secure Boot. |

## Workflow

### 1. Confirm Secure Boot state (Linux)
A disabled or setup-mode platform offers no protection.
```bash
mokutil --sb-state                       # "SecureBoot enabled" expected
bootctl status | grep -i "secure boot"   # systemd-boot view
# 6 = enabled+user mode on the EFI SecureBoot/SetupMode vars:
od -An -t u1 /sys/firmware/efi/efivars/SecureBoot-8be4df61-93ca-11d2-aa0d-00e098032b8c
```

### 2. Confirm Secure Boot state (Windows)
```powershell
Confirm-SecureBootUEFI        # $true if enabled
# Inspect the raw dbx variable from Windows:
[System.BitConverter]::ToString((Get-SecureBootUEFI dbx).bytes) | Out-File dbx.hex
```

### 3. Enumerate the Secure Boot databases
List db (allowed), dbx (revoked), KEK, and PK.
```bash
efi-readvar                      # dumps PK, KEK, db, dbx
efi-readvar -v dbx -o dbx.esl    # export dbx to a file for offline analysis
mokutil --list-enrolled          # MOK (shim) enrolled keys
mokutil --db                     # platform db entries via shim
```

### 4. Assess dbx freshness and applied revocations
Compare on-system dbx to the current official UEFI revocation list.
```bash
dbxtool --list                                   # current dbx entries + count
# Download latest dbxupdate from uefi.org/revocationlistfile, then:
dbxtool --dbx ./DBXUpdate.bin --apply --dry-run  # show what WOULD be added (no write)
```
A low dbx entry count or absence of recent revocations indicates the platform is behind and likely still vulnerable to known bypasses.

### 5. Check Secure Boot variable protection with CHIPSEC
Verify the SB key variables are authenticated and not freely writable.
```bash
# Verify Secure Boot is enabled and the SB variables are properly protected:
sudo chipsec_main -m common.secureboot.variables

# Check S3 resume boot-script protections (an SMM/firmware bypass vector):
sudo chipsec_main -m common.uefi.s3bootscript

# Dump SPI flash for offline firmware diffing:
sudo chipsec_util spi dump rom.bin
```

### 6. Hash ESP boot binaries and check signatures
Verify bootloaders are signed and not present in dbx.
```bash
# Locate and hash EFI boot binaries
find /boot/efi -iname '*.efi' -exec sha256sum {} \;
# Validate a binary's signature against the platform db
sbverify --list /boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/bootx64.efi
sbverify --cert /etc/secureboot/db.crt /boot/efi/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi
# pesign equivalent on RHEL-family:
pesign -S -i /boot/efi/EFI/BOOT/bootx64.efi
```

### 7. Cross-check against known-bad bootkit hashes
Compare collected hashes to revocation/known-bad sets (e.g., LoFP / vendor advisories).
```bash
# Example: confirm a binary's SHA-256 is NOT one of the revoked CVE-2022-21894 boot managers
sha256sum /boot/efi/EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi
# Compare against the hash list extracted from the latest dbxupdate / advisory.
```

### 8. Inspect for bootkit artifacts
Look for unauthorized ESP modifications and self-deployment markers.
```bash
# Unexpected files / recently modified binaries on the ESP
ls -laR /boot/efi/EFI/
find /boot/efi -newermt "-30 days" -iname '*.efi'
# On Windows, examine the EFI partition for rogue \EFI\Microsoft\Boot entries.
```

### 9. Validate measured-boot evidence (optional pivot)
If a TPM is present, current PCR[7] reflects Secure Boot policy; deviations corroborate tampering.
```bash
tpm2_pcrread sha256:7        # Secure Boot policy PCR
```

### 10. Run the bundled assessment helper
`agent.py` collects SB state, dbx counts, ESP binary hashes, and CHIPSEC results into one report.
```bash
sudo python scripts/agent.py --check-chipsec --output secureboot_report.json
```

## Tools and Resources

| Tool | Purpose | Source |
|------|---------|--------|
| mokutil | Secure Boot state and enrolled keys (Linux) | https://github.com/lcp/mokutil |
| efitools (efi-readvar) | Dump PK/KEK/db/dbx | https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jejb/efitools.git |
| dbxtool | Inspect and apply dbx updates | https://github.com/rhboot/dbxtool |
| CHIPSEC | Firmware / Secure Boot variable assessment | https://github.com/chipsec/chipsec |
| sbsigntool / pesign | EFI binary signature verification | https://github.com/jejb/sbsigntools |
| UEFI Revocation List | Official dbx update files | https://uefi.org/revocationlistfile |
| Microsoft KB CVE-2023-24932 | Secure Boot bypass guidance | https://support.microsoft.com/topic/kb5025885 |
| ESET BlackLotus analysis | Bootkit technical writeup | https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/03/01/blacklotus-uefi-bootkit-myth-confirmed/ |

## Validation Criteria

- [ ] Secure Boot confirmed enabled and in user mode on the target.
- [ ] PK/KEK/db/dbx enumerated and exported for analysis.
- [ ] dbx compared against the current official UEFI revocation list.
- [ ] CVE-2022-21894 / CVE-2023-24932 revocations confirmed present (or gap flagged).
- [ ] CHIPSEC `secureboot.variables` and `s3bootscript` modules run.
- [ ] ESP boot binaries hashed and signature-verified.
- [ ] Hashes cross-checked against known-bad / revoked sets.
- [ ] ESP inspected for unauthorized or recently modified binaries.
- [ ] Findings documented with remediation (dbx update / firmware update) per host.