Pathway Mapping

---
name: bio-metabolomics-pathway-mapping
description: Maps metabolomics results to biological pathways via over-representation (ORA), metabolite-set enrichment (MSEA/QEA), mummichog/PSEA on raw m/z peaks, and network-diffusion enrichment (FELLA), with correct background-set construction and honest interpretive ceilings. Use when interpreting differential metabolites or an untargeted LC-MS feature table in pathway context, choosing ORA vs MSEA vs mummichog vs topology, or setting the reference/background set. For annotation confidence levels feeding ORA see metabolomics/metabolite-annotation; for gene-set concepts see pathway-analysis/go-enrichment and pathway-analysis/gsea; for joint gene+metabolite pathways see multi-omics-integration/mofa-integration.
tool_type: r
primary_tool: MetaboAnalystR
---

## Version Compatibility

Reference examples tested with: MetaboAnalystR 4.0+, FELLA 1.22+

Before using code patterns, verify installed versions match. If versions differ:
- R: `packageVersion('<pkg>')` then `?function_name` to verify parameters

The single most important input fact: whether the metabolites are confidently identified (KEGG/HMDB IDs) determines which method is even possible. An untargeted LC-MS feature table with no IDs cannot run ORA; it requires mummichog/PSEA. Verify the input type before choosing a tool.

If code throws ImportError, AttributeError, or TypeError, introspect the installed
package and adapt the example to match the actual API rather than retrying.

# Metabolomics Pathway Mapping

**"Map my metabolites to pathways"** -> Test whether a metabolite set or an m/z feature table is statistically enriched for biochemical pathways, given an explicit background.
- Identified compound list -> ORA / MSEA: `CalculateOraScore()` (MetaboAnalystR)
- Raw m/z peak table (no IDs) -> mummichog / PSEA: `PerformPSEA()` (MetaboAnalystR)
- Mechanism (which enzymes/reactions link the hits) -> network diffusion: `runDiffusion()` (FELLA)

## The Single Most Important Modern Insight -- Pathway Enrichment Launders Annotation Uncertainty Into Confident Biology

Enrichment is the one workflow step where uncertainty is structurally destroyed: compounds enter as names with no error bars, and the hypergeometric/permutation machinery cannot represent "this is a 40%-confident guess." A pile of MSI-level-3 tentative annotations emerges as a p-value with three decimals. Wieder 2021 simulated this directly: even a 4% misidentification rate manufactured both false-positive and false-negative pathways across five real datasets, and real untargeted annotation is far worse than 4%. The errors do not average out, because a single wrong hub-adjacent compound (alanine, glutamate, a TCA intermediate) can flip a pathway by itself. No untargeted pathway claim can be stronger than its annotation layer. The honest ceiling is "features consistent with perturbation of pathway X co-varied with phenotype, conditional on the chosen annotations, background, database boundary, and ionization settings" -- never "pathway X is upregulated."

## Two Starting Points -> Method -> Tool

The field's most common category error is conflating identified-compound enrichment with raw-feature activity prediction. They are disjoint entry points.

| Input | Goal / situation | Method | Tool | Key constraint |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identified compounds + cutoff | Discrete "significant" hit list | ORA (hypergeometric) | MetaboAnalystR `CalculateOraScore` | Background = compounds the assay could detect, NOT all of KEGG |
| Identified compounds + ranked stat | No natural cutoff; keep magnitude | MSEA / QEA (rank-aware) | MetaboAnalystR `CalculateQeaScore` | Needs a meaningful, complete ranking |
| Raw m/z + RT + per-feature stat, NO IDs | Predict pathway activity, bypass ID | mummichog / GSEA-PSEA | MetaboAnalystR `PerformPSEA` | Background = the FULL feature table (R_all); declare ionization mode |
| Identified compounds | Mechanism: which enzymes/reactions link hits | Network diffusion | FELLA `runDiffusion` | KEGG IDs only; check `getExcluded()` for unmapped |
| Identified compounds | Database coverage is the bottleneck | Chemical-structure clustering | ChemRICH (background-independent) | Sidesteps pathway dark matter |
| Any | Secondary lens only | Topology / "impact" | MetaboAnalystR (MetPA) | Hub artifact; never sole evidence |

Mummichog exists because identification is the rate-limiter: only ~2-10% of untargeted features are ever confidently identified. It predicts network activity directly from the feature table, then the network context retro-prioritizes which annotation was probably right (Li 2013). Its existence is an admission of the annotation bottleneck, not a triumph -- use it knowing systems-level inference is bought with per-metabolite certainty.

## ORA vs MSEA vs Topology vs Mummichog

| Axis | ORA (hypergeometric) | MSEA / GSEA-PSEA | Topology / "Impact" | Mummichog / PSEA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Input | Identified list + cutoff | Identified ranked list | Identified list in pathway graphs | Raw m/z + RT + stat, no IDs |
| Null question | More hits than chance? | Set systematically high/low in ranking? | Hits at central (high-betweenness) nodes? | Do mass-matched candidates cluster in pathways beyond a random feature list? |
| Uses magnitude? | No (cutoff discards it) | Yes | Indirectly (enrichment x centrality) | No (cutoff defines the query) |
| Null source | Assay-coverage background | The ranked universe | Curated graph structure | Permutation from the FULL feature table (R_all) |
| Headline failure | Wrong/implicit background | Needs a complete ranking | Hub overemphasis (alanine ~95% case) | Significant-features-only as background |
| Output | Measured enrichment | Measured enrichment | Graph property, not the experiment | PREDICTED activity, not identities |

## ORA on an Identified Compound List

**Goal:** Test whether a list of confidently identified metabolites is over-represented in KEGG/SMPDB pathways, with a defensible background.

**Approach:** Map names/IDs to the internal library, set the pathway library and metabolome filter (the background), then run the hypergeometric score; report mapping coverage alongside p-values.

```r
library(MetaboAnalystR)

# 'pathora' = pathway ORA; 'conc' = concentration-style input
mSet <- InitDataObjects('conc', 'pathora', FALSE)
mSet <- SetOrganism(mSet, 'hsa')

# Confidently identified compounds (MSI level 1-2); names, HMDB, or KEGG IDs
compounds <- c('Pyruvate', 'L-Lactate', 'Citrate', 'Succinate', 'Fumarate', 'L-Alanine')
mSet <- Setup.MapData(mSet, compounds)
mSet <- CrossReferencing(mSet, 'name')          # 'name' | 'hmdb' | 'kegg' | 'pubchem'
mSet <- CreateMappingResultTable(mSet)          # inspect mapping coverage before trusting any p-value

mSet <- SetKEGG.PathLib(mSet, 'hsa', 'current')

# SetMetabolomeFilter(mSet, TRUE) restricts the background to a user-supplied
# reference metabolome (the assay-coverage set). FALSE uses the whole library
# (all of KEGG) -- the inflated default that manufactures false positives.
mSet <- SetMetabolomeFilter(mSet, FALSE)
mSet <- CalculateOraScore(mSet, 'rbc', 'hyperg') # node-importance 'rbc'|'dgr'; test 'hyperg'|'fisher'

ora <- as.data.frame(mSet$analSet$ora.mat)       # columns include Raw p, FDR, Impact, Hits, Total
```

## Mummichog / PSEA on a Raw m/z Peak Table

**Goal:** Predict perturbed pathway activity from an untargeted LC-MS feature table when no compound identities exist.

**Approach:** Declare instrument ppm and ionization mode, load the FULL feature table (m/z + p-value + t-score, optionally RT), set the query-defining p-cutoff, and run PSEA whose permutation null is sampled from R_all.

```r
library(MetaboAnalystR)

mSet <- InitDataObjects('mass_all', 'mummichog', FALSE)
mSet <- SetPeakFormat(mSet, 'mpt')               # 'mpt' = m/z, p-value, t-score; 'mprt' adds RT (use with 'v2')

# ppm and ionization mode are chemistry-specific and mandatory; pos and neg use
# entirely different adduct tables. Mixed data needs a per-feature mode column.
mSet <- UpdateInstrumentParameters(mSet, 5.0, 'negative')

# CRITICAL: peaks.txt must be the ENTIRE feature table, not just significant peaks.
# The permutation null draws random feature lists from this file (R_all); supplying
# only significant features pre-enriches the pool and makes everything significant.
mSet <- Read.PeakListData(mSet, 'peaks.txt')
mSet <- SanityCheckMummichogData(mSet)

mSet <- SetPeakEnrichMethod(mSet, 'mum', 'v2')   # 'mum'|'gsea'|'integ'; 'v2' uses RT/empirical compounds
mSet <- SetMummichogPval(mSet, 0.2)              # query-defining cutoff; default is NOT 0.05 -- document it
mSet <- PerformPSEA(mSet, 'hsa_mfn', 'current', permNum = 1000) # library string encodes organism+network

psea <- mSet$mummi.resmat                         # predicted-active pathways; NOT a metabolite ID list
```

## Network-Diffusion Enrichment (FELLA)

**Goal:** Return the intermediate enzymes, reactions, and modules that mechanistically link the affected metabolites, not just a ranked pathway list.

**Approach:** Build the KEGG knowledge graph once, then per-analysis map KEGG IDs and run heat diffusion; inspect excluded (unmapped) compounds explicitly.

```r
library(FELLA)

# Build once, reuse. buildGraphFromKEGGREST hits the live KEGG API (slow); cache the DB.
graph <- buildGraphFromKEGGREST(organism = 'hsa')
buildDataFromGraph(keggdata.graph = graph, databaseDir = 'fella_hsa', internalDir = FALSE)
fella.data <- loadKEGGdata(databaseDir = 'fella_hsa', internalDir = FALSE)

cpd_ids <- c('C00022', 'C00186', 'C00158', 'C00042', 'C00122', 'C00041') # KEGG compound IDs only
analysis <- defineCompounds(compounds = cpd_ids, data = fella.data)
getExcluded(analysis)                              # compounds that did not map -- report this

# 'diffusion' is the recommended default; runHypergeom = plain ORA over the graph,
# runPagerank (lowercase r) = directed random walks. The method string is lowercase.
analysis <- runDiffusion(object = analysis, data = fella.data, approx = 'normality')
results <- generateResultsTable(object = analysis, data = fella.data, method = 'diffusion', threshold = 0.05)
```

## Per-Method Failure Modes

### Wrong background set (the silent controller)
- **Trigger:** ORA run with the full library ("all of KEGG"); mummichog run with only significant features as input.
- **Mechanism:** The background IS the null hypothesis made concrete. The KEGG-human library held ~3,373 compounds vs 286-1,110 actually measurable in real datasets; padding the denominator with undetectable compounds inflates every p-value. For mummichog, the permutation null samples from the input table, so a significant-only input pre-enriches the pool.
- **Symptom:** Many "significant" pathways; few survive once the background is the assay-specific metabolome (Wieder 2021: two of five datasets dropped to ZERO after FDR with the correct background).
- **Fix:** ORA -> `SetMetabolomeFilter(mSet, TRUE)` with the measured-metabolome reference. Mummichog -> supply the entire feature table as `peaks.txt`. State the background in one sentence or the p-values are uninterpretable.

### Annotation laundering
- **Trigger:** ORA/MSEA run on MSI level-3 ("grey zone") tentative annotations as if they were level-1 confirmed.
- **Mechanism:** Enrichment cannot represent annotation confidence; a 4% misidentification rate already manufactures false pathways (Wieder 2021), and the error is not zero-mean because a wrong hub-adjacent compound flips a pathway alone.
- **Symptom:** Confident pathway claims downstream of unconfirmed IDs; results that do not replicate.
- **Fix:** Report the MSI level of the compounds driving the winning pathway; downgrade L3-driven claims to "consistent with." Consider metapone, which down-weights multiply-annotated features (weight inversely proportional to candidate count) instead of discarding the uncertainty.

### Hub-inflated topology / "impact"
- **Trigger:** Reporting MetaboAnalyst Pathway Impact as if it were an effect size.
- **Mechanism:** Impact = sum of relative-betweenness centrality of matched metabolites / sum over all pathway metabolites, computed inside an arbitrary isolated KEGG boundary without removing currency metabolites. A handful of cofactor-like hubs dominate betweenness (Tsouka & Masoodi 2023: L-alanine alone = ~95% of a pathway's total centrality). It is also sign-blind.
- **Symptom:** A pathway "lights up" with high impact because one promiscuous compound was hit by chance; the same hits give different impact in KEGG vs SMPDB.
- **Fix:** Treat impact as a visualization tiebreaker only. Read ORA and topology against each other; a pathway impact-driven by a single hub is a red flag, not a confirmation.

### Pool size is not flux
- **Trigger:** Reporting "pathway X is activated / upregulated" from concentration-based enrichment.
- **Mechanism:** A metabolomics measurement is a steady-state pool size (production minus consumption), not a rate. Pool and flux can move in opposite directions: sildenafil RAISES the cGMP pool while LOWERING flux through it (it inhibits the degrading phosphodiesterase). A falling substrate pool can mean the pathway is MORE active.
- **Symptom:** Causal/activity language ("upregulated pathway") drawn from a concentration snapshot.
- **Fix:** Downgrade to "members of pathway X co-varied with phenotype." Activity claims require stable-isotope-resolved metabolomics (SIRM / 13C metabolic flux analysis), which traces label incorporation over time; concentration-based enrichment generates a flux hypothesis, never tests one.

## Quantitative Thresholds

| Threshold | Value | Source / rationale |
|---|---|---|
| Mummichog query p-cutoff | ~0.2 (NOT 0.05) | The query must be large enough to score; vignette default is looser than 0.05. Document the value used (Li 2013; MetaboAnalystR vignette). |
| Empirical-compound RT window (v2) | ~`max(RT) * 0.02` seconds | Groups co-eluting features into one empirical compound; units are SECONDS (passing minutes mis-groups). |
| Mass tolerance (ppm) | instrument-specific (e.g. 5 ppm HRMS) | Loose ppm worsens multiple-m/z-matching inflation; set to the instrument's real accuracy. |
| FDR | < 0.05 (BH) | Standard, but secondary to a correct background -- with the right background, often zero pathways survive (Wieder 2021). |
| Pathway granularity caveat | -- | Pathway definition moves p by up to 9 orders of magnitude vs ~2 for multiple testing (Karp 2021); prefer cross-database consensus over one library. |
| Mapping coverage | report always | Enrichment computed over 12 of 400 features is a footnote, not a finding (Theme 3). |

## Common Errors

| Error / symptom | Cause | Solution |
|---|---|---|
| Everything is significant in mummichog | Input was significant features only, not R_all | Supply the entire feature table as `peaks.txt` |
| `could not find function "runPageRank"` | Wrong casing | FELLA function is `runPagerank` (lowercase r); method string is `'pagerank'` |
| PSEA maps to the wrong network silently | Wrong library string in `PerformPSEA` | Library encodes organism+network (`hsa_mfn`, `hsa_kegg`, ...); match the organism |
| Garbage candidate compounds | Wrong ionization mode | pos/neg use different adduct tables; set mode in `UpdateInstrumentParameters`; mixed data needs a per-feature mode column |
| Only TCA / amino-acid pathways enriched | Pathway dark matter | Xenobiotics, lipids, novel structures map to no pathway and are dropped; report coverage; consider ChemRICH (structure-based) |
| `'v2'` enrichment errors on RT | No RT column in input | `'v2'`/empirical compounds need RT; use `SetPeakFormat(mSet, 'mprt')` |

## References

- Li S, Park Y, Duraisingham S, Strobel FH, Khan N, Soltow QA, Jones DP, Pulendran B. 2013. Predicting network activity from high throughput metabolomics. *PLoS Comput Biol* 9(7):e1003123.
- Pang Z, Lu Y, Zhou G, Hui F, Xu L, Viau C, Spigelman AF, MacDonald PE, Wishart DS, Li S, Xia J. 2024. MetaboAnalyst 6.0: towards a unified platform for metabolomics data processing, analysis and interpretation. *Nucleic Acids Res* 52(W1):W398-W406.
- Xia J, Wishart DS. 2010. MSEA: a web-based tool to identify biologically meaningful patterns in quantitative metabolomic data. *Nucleic Acids Res* 38(W):W71-W77.
- Picart-Armada S, Fernandez-Albert F, Vinaixa M, Yanes O, Perera-Lluna A. 2018. FELLA: an R package to enrich metabolomics data. *BMC Bioinformatics* 19(1):538.
- Wieder C, Frainay C, Poupin N, Rodriguez-Mier P, Vinson F, Cooke J, Lai RPJ, Bundy JG, Jourdan F, Ebbels T. 2021. Pathway analysis in metabolomics: recommendations for the use of over-representation analysis. *PLOS Comput Biol* 17(9):e1009105.
- Wieder C, Bundy JG, Frainay C, Poupin N, Rodriguez-Mier P, Vinson F, Cooke J, Lai RPJ, Jourdan F, Ebbels TMD. 2022. Avoiding the misuse of pathway analysis tools in environmental metabolomics. *Environ Sci Technol* 56(20):14219-14222.
- Karp PD, Midford PE, Caspi R, Khodursky A. 2021. Pathway size matters: the influence of pathway granularity on over-representation (enrichment analysis) statistics. *BMC Genomics* 22:191.
- Tsouka S, Masoodi M. 2023. Metabolic pathway analysis: advantages and pitfalls for the functional interpretation of metabolomics and lipidomics data. *Biomolecules* 13(2):244.
- Tian L, Yu T. 2022. Metapone: a Bioconductor package for joint pathway testing for untargeted metabolomics data. *Bioinformatics* 38(14):3662-3669.
- Barupal DK, Fiehn O. 2017. Chemical Similarity Enrichment Analysis (ChemRICH) as alternative to biochemical pathway mapping for metabolomic datasets. *Sci Rep* 7:14567.
- Schymanski EL, Jeon J, Gulde R, Fenner K, Ruff M, Singer HP, Hollender J. 2014. Identifying small molecules via high resolution mass spectrometry: communicating confidence. *Environ Sci Technol* 48(4):2097-2098.

## Related Skills

- metabolomics/metabolite-annotation - Annotation confidence levels (MSI) that feed ORA/MSEA and set the interpretive ceiling
- metabolomics/statistical-analysis - Upstream differential testing that produces the significant compound or feature list
- metabolomics/isotope-tracing - Flux versus pool: enrichment infers activity from steady-state abundance, which isotope labeling can contradict
- pathway-analysis/go-enrichment - Gene-set over-representation concepts (the ORA analogue for genes)
- pathway-analysis/gsea - Ranked-list enrichment concepts (the MSEA analogue for genes)
- multi-omics-integration/mofa-integration - Joint gene+metabolite integration and its coverage-asymmetry traps