Commercial Corporate Finance Translator

---
name: commercial-corporate-finance-translator
name_en: commercial-corporate-finance-translator
description: Use when translating, reviewing, or drafting commercial/company/securities English where terms depend on entity form, corporate governance, capital structure, bankruptcy, disclosure, securities issuance, takeover, insider trading, private equity, or funds; especially commercial law, corporate law/company law, corporation/company, MNC, registered capital, shareholder meeting, board of directors, board of supervisors, promoter, corporate personality, partnership, LLC, IPO, underwriting, disclosure, and takeover.
---
# Commercial Corporate Finance Translator

## R - Reading

Scope signals:

- corporation is only one legal form; do not use it for every company.
- company law/corporate law choice depends on jurisdiction and entity taxonomy.
- Covers company organization, governance bodies, capital, bankruptcy, financial statements, securities, takeover, insider trading, private equity, and fund.

## I - Interpretation

Commercial-law terms require entity-form and governance-context checks. Do not treat company, corporation, corporate law, company law, shareholder meeting, board, supervisor, promoter, capital, and securities terms as generic business English. Their meaning depends on the jurisdiction's entity taxonomy and statutory governance model.

The skill maps each term to four dimensions: entity type, organ/function, transaction stage, and regulatory setting.

## A1 - Past Application

Key commercial-law distinctions:

- commercial law, corporate law, and company law cover overlapping but not identical fields.
- corporation and company are not universal equivalents across U.S., U.K., German, Japanese, and PRC contexts.
- branch and subsidiary differ because the subsidiary has separate legal personality.
- registered capital differs from authorized capital and share capital concepts.
- shareholder meeting, board of directors, and board of supervisors must match governance role.
- IPO, underwriting, information disclosure, takeover, insider trading, private equity, and fund are capital-market terms with regulatory consequences.

## A2 - Future Trigger

Invoke this skill for:

- bilingual articles of association, shareholder agreements, board resolutions, disclosure documents, prospectuses, investment agreements, M&A documents, fund documents, or bankruptcy materials;
- questions involving company/corporation/corporate/company law, registered capital, governance bodies, promoters, corporate personality, LLC, partnership, IPO, underwriting, disclosure, takeover, insider trading, PE, or fund;
- review of PRC company-law terms translated into U.S./U.K./international legal English.

Do not invoke for bills of lading, marine collision, salvage, or insurance contracts; use the maritime/instruments skill.

## E - Execution

1. Identify entity form and jurisdiction: PRC company, U.S. corporation/LLC, partnership, listed company, fund, or cross-border group.
2. Identify organ or function: shareholders, board, supervisors, promoter, officer, subsidiary, branch, issuer, underwriter, acquirer, insider.
3. Identify transaction/regulatory stage: incorporation, governance, capital change, IPO, disclosure, takeover, bankruptcy, fund raising.
4. Choose legally precise term and avoid business-English simplifications.
5. Check if the term implies legal personality, limited liability, fiduciary/control status, or securities-law obligation.
6. Output recommended term, jurisdiction note, rejected alternatives, and drafting consistency note.

## B - Boundary

This skill does not provide securities-law advice, filing eligibility, or deal structuring advice. It reviews terminology and drafting fit. For civil-law foundations such as capacity, agency, liability, or contract consideration, use `civil-law-private-rights-translator`.

## Related Skills

- `civil-law-private-rights-translator`: for capacity, agency, liability, and contract concepts underlying commercial documents.
- `commercial-instruments-maritime-insurance-translator`: for trade instruments, transport, and insurance.
- `foreign-legal-english-term-precision`: for general consistency and party roles.

## Audit

- Distillation: merged company, governance, capital-market, and finance terms because they share entity/regulatory-context selection.
- Quality gates: V1/V2/V3 passed in `../verified.md`.